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A Study on Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll-a in the Coastal Waters of Babolsar

Problem statement: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) are two vital requirements for marine ecosystems. Nowadays, discharge of large amounts of industrial, agricultural and urban wastes threats the Caspian Sea (CS) environment. With regard to the elevation of nutrient contents, average of DO concentrations in the deeper layers of the CS is reducing. On the other hand, increased amounts of phytoplankton in water bodies in reaction to the enhancement of nutrient supply can have severely damaging effects on the marine environment. According to the importance of DO and Chl-a in marine ecosystems of the Caspian, we attempted to investigate the distributions of DO and Chl-a in the southern coastal waters of the CS in present study. Approach: DO and Chl-a concentrations were analyzed using field measurements data over the southern continental shelf near Iranian coasts. The data were collected at 13 stations along three transects down to 42 m depth in east part of the southern coasts of the CS, off Babolsar in autumn 2008. Results: In the time of measurements, the DO concentrations ranged between 8.4 and 11.2 mg L^-1 in the area. Amounts of the Chl-a were varied between 1.3-4.2 mg m^-3 with the maximal levels at 15 m depth. The formation and destruction of seasonal thermocline affect the DO and Chl-a concentrations in vertical direction. Conclusion: The collected data present useful knowledge about distributions of DO and Chl-a in the coastal waters of Babolsar and near mouth of Babolrood River. Amounts of DO and Chl-a in the region were under effects of Babolrood River discharge, stratification of water column (seasonal thermocline) and atmospheric processes. The results indicate the need of serious efforts for reducing entrance of human activities wastes and pollutants into the Caspian environment.

Oxidation of Exogenous Lactate by Lactate Dehydrogenase C in the Midpiece of Rat Epididymal Sperm is Essential for Motility and Oxidative Activity

Problem statement: To identify the metabolic reaction-glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation that is mainly involved in the production of energy required for rat sperm mobilization. Approach: Epididymal sperm were collected from Wistar rats and extended in lactate-containing or lactate-free raffinose-modified Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate solution (mKRB)-egg yolk medium supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 3 mM 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2 DG) and 1, 2, or 3 mM sodium Oxamate (OX). Sperm motility, straight-line velocity (VSL) and oxygen consumption were evaluated. Further, immunofluorescent localization of Lactate Dehydrogenase C (LDH-C) in sperm was also performed. Results: Low concentrations of 2DG (1 and 2 mM) did not significantly affect motility, VSL and oxygen consumption of sperm extended in the lactate-containing medium. While sperm motility and oxygen consumption were significantly inhibited by even 1mM 2DG in sperm extended in lactate-free medium. Sperm motility significantly inhibited in the case of sperm extended in lactate-containing and free-medium with 1 mM OX. We also found that sperm motility was not maintained in the absence of lactate throughout the 3 h incubation period. Immunofluorescence study revealed that mainly LDH-C was may be localized in the intramitochondrial region of the sperm. Conclusion: These results suggest that exogenous lactate enhances lactate oxidation by LDH-C, thereby promoting mitochondrial oxidative reactions in the midpiece and maintaining the mobilization of rat epididymal sperm.

Fuzzy Parametric of Sample Selection Model Using Heckman Two-Step Estimation Models

Problem statement: It is well known that, the standard approach to estimating a sample selection models shows an inconsistent estimation results if the distributional assumption are incorrect. Approach: An important progress in the last decade to develop an alternative to overcome the deficiency is through the used of semi-parametric method. However, the usage of semi-parametric approach still does not cover the deficiency of the model. Results: We introduced a fuzzy membership function for solving uncertainty data of a sample selection model and employed method for sample selection models, that is, the two-step estimators to estimate a model of the so-called the self-selection decision. Fuzzy Parametric of Sample Selection Model (FPSSM) is builds as a hybrid to the conventional parametric sample selection model. Conclusion/Recommendations: The result showed that as a whole, the FPSSM give a better estimate and consistent when compared to the Parametric of Sample Selection Model (PSSM). This application demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy modeling approach was quite reasonable and provides an important and significant finding compared with conventional method especially in terms of estimation and consistency.

Prediction of End-of-Life Strategies for Household Equipments Using Artificial Intelligent

Problem statement: Environment issue on the dumping of used household product is a big challenge nowadays. Towards green design, life cycle of a product is very crucial. This study discussed on recycling strategies which include reuse, service, remanufacture and recycle with or without disassembly by using Support Vector Machine Method (SVM). Approach: In early stage of prediction, the input parameters of wear-out life; technology cycle, level of integration, number of parts, reason for redesign and design cycle were incorporated. Six household equipments were studied includes vacuum cleaner, washing machine, television, portable radio and hand held vacuum. Results: The end life predicted results were compared with the previous literature study. Conclusion: The developed End Of Life (EOL) strategies model is good in agreement with existing industry practice.

Self-Adjustment Time Quantum in Round Robin Algorithm Depending on Burst Time of the Now Running Processes

Problem statement: The performance and efficiency of multitasking operating systems mainly depends on the used CPU scheduling algorithm where the CPU is one of the primary computer resources and as round robin scheduling algorithm is considered most widely used scheduling algorithms in this research a new proposed variant of this algorithm presented, discussed in detail, tested and verified. Approach: The new proposed algorithm called Self-Adjustment-Round-Robin (SARR) based on a new approach called dynamic-time-quantum; the idea of this approach is to make the time quantum repeatedly adjusted according to the burst time of the now-running processes. Results: Based on the experiments and calculations that I have made the new modified algorithm radically solves the fixed time quantum problem which is considered a challenge for round robin algorithm. Conclusion: The use of dynamic scheduling algorithm increased the performance and stability of the operating system and support building of an self-adaptation operating system, which means that the system is who will adapt itself to the requirements of the user and not vice versa.

Arsenic ِAdsorption on Bauxite Mineral Using Batch Equilibrium Test

Problem statement: Study suggested a solution to remove arsenic contamination from contaminated water. Approach: Bauxite, which is a mineral, was proposed as natural remediation material used in this study. Bauxite was collected from Johor mining company in Teluk Ramunia, Johor Bharu, Malaysia. Batch equilibrium test was performed in accordance to different initial concentrations, shaking time and different initial pH values. Results: Results showed that mineral bauxite has high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Specific Surface Area (SSA), with the values range from 23.9-32.6 meq/100 g and 18.5-22.09 m₂ g_-1, respectively. Sample of bauxite mineral is slightly acidic with pH values ranging from 5.06-5.35. Percentage of organic matter and carbonate content in bauxite are very low with the values of 3.78-4.57 and 2.435-2.5% respectively. For batch adsorption, results showed that bauxite has high adsorption capacity for arsenic and it can remove more than 99% of arsenic from contaminated water. The highest amount of arsenic adsorbed (q) was 4996.6 mg kg_-1 in 500 ppm of arsenic concentration after 48 h of the test in pH 7.6. The lowest was 4554.7 mg kg_-1 in 500 ppm of arsenic at 24 h of shaking time in pH 10. Conclusion: Results indicated that bauxite can be used as a natural material for the removal of arsenic from contaminated water.

Competition Effects of Date of Sowing and Nutsedge Removal Time on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]

Problem statement: Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a C₄ grass, most important indigenous cereal crop in Ethiopia. The average grain yield of this crop is low; averaging <0.8 Mg ha^-1. Under appropriate cultural practices such as the right sowing date, sowing rate, weeding time and fertilizer application, tef could produce grain yields of 2200-4599 kg ha^-1. A delay in planting beyond recommended date a substantial yield reduction might be occurred. On the other hand, surveys showed that purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a noxious weed present in varying abundance in tef. Yield loss due to nutsedge alone could be as high as 42% in agronomic crops. In addition, tef as well as purple nutsedge possesses the highly efficient C₄ dicarboxylic acid photosynthetic pathway, which enhances their potential as high yielding crops or serious weeds. Studies on competitive ability of tef with improved cultural practices would provide more effective weed suppression and economic benefits to famers in Ethiopia, where chemical control is economically not feasible. The competitive effect between tef and purple nutsedge, both C₄ species, has not been studied yet. Hence, this paper deals with the effects of delay in tef sowing date and nutsedge removal time on growth and yield of tef. Approach: Tef was planted at three sowing dates, recommended sowing date, 7 and 15 days delay after the recommended date. The five weed removal time were included as weedy check (W1), weeded 2 weeks (W2), 4 weeks (W3), 6 weeks (W4) after crop emergence and weed-free check (W5). All data were subjected to analysis by SAS, correlation/regression analysis and treatment means were compared using Tukeys Test. Results: Weed removal time played a minor role compared to sowing time. Irrespective of weeding dates, delayed tef sowing was very critical. When sowing was delayed for 7 and 15 days, reduction of plant height by 6.97 and 11.53%, panicle length by 8.21 and 12.32% and grain yield by 15 and 16%, respectively There was relationship among plant height, biomass and grain yield, where by grain yield responds positively to taller plants and higher biomass when the crop is sown early in the season. Hence, tef was more competitive than nutsedge. Early sowing of tef is essential to increase crop growth and yield. Conclusion/Recommendations: Increase in plant height, panicle length and a corresponding increase in tef grain yields, provided that there was no delay in sowing of tef at all.

A Review: Potentiality of Zooplankton as Bioindicator

Problem statement: This review tended to summarize some recent research on zooplankton as bioindicator in India and some other countries of the world. Approach: These researches were mainly on fresh water bodies. Results: Qualitative as well as quantitative analysis were done by Shannon diversity index (H'), Evenness index (J), Species Richness index (S) and Saprobic index. In most of the cases zooplankton population size was correlated with biotic and abiotic parameters (pH, alkalinity, temperature, dissolve oxygen, transparency, phosphate, chlorine). Species of Rotifers, Cladocerans, Copepods and Ostracods were found in all cases. Species variation of these order deceased in polluted water. Some species were not found in some highly polluted area though these species have high tolerance level. Conclusion/Recommendations: All the results of the studies indicated that potentiality of zooplankton as bioindicator is very high. Other countries can develop these concepts to monitor water quality.

Diagnostic Endoscopy in Children of Two Months to 15 Years of Age

Problem statement: Considering high prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints in children and the important role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of such complaints, this study was designed to characterize the clinical, endoscopic and pathologic features of Iranian children undergoing upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Approach: This prospective study was performed in an office-based setting in a private medical centre in Kerman, Iran, between December 2004 to January 2008. Three hundred forty pediatric patients who underwent upper endoscopy for dyspeptic symptoms or other reasons were enrolled into this study and data were gathered concerning age, sex, reason of endoscopy, endoscopy report and pathologic report. Upper GI endoscopy was performed using Pentax video endoscope. Results: The most prevalent reason of performing endoscopy (43.1%) was abdominal pain. More than half of the cases with abdominal pain (54%) were in the age range of 5-10 year old of whom 80% had an abnormal pathologic finding such as esophgitis and active chronic gastritis associated with helicobacter pylori. The most common endoscopic finding (31.2%) and pathologic finding (40.3%) was esophagitis. More than half of the children with esophagitis (56.6%) had some degrees of hiatal hernia. In 35.5% of children with nodular gastritis, simultaneous esophagitis was observed. The rate of normal endoscopies and pathologies were respectively 10.8 and 19.4%. Conclusion: Considering low rate of normal endoscopic and pathologic reports in the studied subjects and also the variety of gastrointestinal complaints in them, it seems that proper selection of patients for undergoing upper GI endoscopy can have a significant directive role in the diagnosis of pediatric problems.

Genetic Capability of Young Layers for Survival after Salmonella entritidis Challenge

Problem statement: Genetic line differences in resistance of layer hens and young chicks to Salmonella entritidis have been identified through a lot of studies. That is why the agricultural industry was prepared for the potential phasing out of antibiotics for use in controlling bacterial pathogens. Early infection may result in long term colonization of layers with Salmonella entritidis, resulting in shedding into table or hatching eggs. Approach: This study was carried to evaluate the genetic factors underlying early response to Salmonella entritidis, genetic line differences in mortality and pathogen load at two sites (cecal lumen and spleen) were investigated. At day of hatch, chicks of four genetic lines were intra-esophageally inoculated with one of three doses of Salmonella entritidis phage type 13 A. Results: There was a significant effect (p≤0.001) of genetic line on chick 6 days survival. The effect of genetic line was significant (p≤0.05) on survivors� Salmonella entritidis burden in cecal content but not on Salmonella entritidis load per gram of spleen. Salmonella entritidis pathogen load of the spleen and the cecal content were not significantly correlated, indicating that independent host mechanisms are partly responsible for these two traits. Conclusion: Future Salmonella entritidis control mechanism in poultry may be the same as it is used these days but it has to be for longer term sustainability, genetic resistance should be pursued. Sufficient genetic line variation should exists to suggest that it is feasible to effectively choose among pure breeder lines for those exhibits reduced Salmonella entritidis induced mortality and cecal content Salmonella entritidis pathogen load in young layer chicks.

Identification and Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series of Triterpenoids Isolated from Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.)

Problem statement: Medicinal plants derived anticancer were now being subjects of many research groups especially, the secondary metabolite triterpenoids trees which had enormous potential to inspire and influence modern antiproliferative research. The study aimed to investigate the chemical constitution and their potential use as antiproliferative activity of purified compounds derived from F. virosa. Approach: The F. virosa was selected and percolated with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The extracts were purified and elucidated chemical structures. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were tested for biological activity. The bioassays were performed on two cancer cell lines, adriamycin-sensitive erythroleukemia cells (K562) and adriamycin-resistant erythroleukemia cells (K562/Adr) which overexpressed P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1). Results: Friedelin (1), epifriedelanol (3), stigmasterol (4) and betulinic acid (5) were isolated from the leaves and twigs of F. virosa. The molecular structures of these compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods. The compounds i.e., 1, a chemically modified compound 1 heptanolide (2), 3 and 4 showed a limited cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell lines mainly due to a low aqueous solubility which prevented their use in cell viability assays. Interestingly, compound 5 exhibited a high cytotoxicity characterized by an effective concentration value (IC₅₀) equal to 9.7�2.1 �g.mL^-1 (21.2�4.6 �M) and 7.1�0.7 �g.mL^-1 (15.5�1.5 �M) for K562 and K562/Adr, respectively. Moreover, the antiproliferative activity of compound 5 was independent of the multidrug resistance phenotype exhibited by the K562/Adr cell line suggesting that compound 5 was not the effluxes out of the K562/Adr cells by MDR1 (ABCB1). Conclusion: The results clearly showed that the betulinic acid of the four isolated compounds from F. virosa could be considered as high potential source of cytotoxic activity.

Effect of N and K Fertilizers on Nutrient Leaching and Groundwater Quality under Mature Oil Palm in Sabah during the Monsoon Period

Problem statement: The oil palms are mainly grown in the humid tropics with high rainfall. Soluble Nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) fertilizers are commonly required by the oil palm plantations to maximize palm productivity due to the highly weathered soils with low fertility. Thus, leaching losses of N and K nutrients may be unavoidable and these nutrients may move further downward and eventually cause groundwater pollution. This study reports the leaching of N and K nutrients in a mature oil palm field as affected by fertilizer rates and soil depths and its effect on groundwater quality during the monsoon period in Tawau, Sabah. Approach: The sources of N and K fertilizer were Ammonium Chloride (AC) and Muriate Of Potash (MOP), respectively. Soil water samplers were installed at depths of 30, 60 and 120 cm in four fertilizer treatments, namely, N0P0K0 (Control plot, no N and K), N0P2K1 (K1 = 4.5 kg MOP palm^-1 year^-1), N1P2K1 (N1 = 3.75 AC kg palm^-1 year^-1) and N1P2K0. Three replications were used in the experiment. Monitoring wells were installed in the above treatment plots and in another treatment, N2P2K1 (N2 = 7.5 kg AC palm^-1 year^-1) to investigate the effect of excessive N rate on groundwater quality. Samplings were done at 15 day intervals for duration of 150 days from October 2008-February 2009 to cover the entire monsoon period in North Borneo. Water samples were analyzed for NH₄-N by automated phenate method, NO₃-N + NO₂-N and NO₂-N by automated hydrazine reduction method on Auto Analyzer 3 and K by flame photometric method using flame photometer. Results: The mean NH₄-N concentration of N1P2K1 at 33.69 mg L^-1 was significantly higher than N1P2K0 at 8.15 mg L^-1. In the presence of K, NH₄-N concentrations increased 4.1 fold when N fertilizer was applied and 3.5 times in the absence of N application. The mean NH₄-N concentration was 17.89 mg L^-1 at 30 cm depth declining to 12.19 and 6.52 mg L^-1 at soil depths of 60 and 120 cm, respectively. The transformation of NH₄-N to NO₃-N was not a major process during the monsoon period. The leaching losses of inorganic N were 1.0 and 1.6% of the applied fertilizer for N1P2K0 and N1P2K1 respectively. For K, the leaching losses were 5.3 and 2.4% for N0P2K1 and N1P2K1 respectively. The concentrations of NH₄-N, NO₃-N and K in groundwater ranged from 0.23-2.7, 0.07-0.25 and 0.63-9.54 mg L^-1, respectively. Conclusion/Recommendations: N and K concentrations in the soil solution decreased with soil depth and their leaching losses were related to rainfall pattern, fertilizer treatment and nutrient uptake by roots. Groundwater quality was not affected by the applications of N and K fertilizers at the optimum rates for mature oil palms.

Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ceftazidime and Sulbactam in Spiked Plasma and Combined Dosage form-Zydotam

Problem statement: To develop a sensitive method to determine simultaneously ceftizidime and sulbactam in spiked plasma and combined formulation. Approach: In this study an isocratic High performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection at 230 nm was described for simultaneous determination of Ceftazidime and sulbactam sodium in plasma and combined dosage form. Chromatographic separation of two drugs was achieved on a Hypersil ODS C-18 column using a mobile phase consisting of a binary mixture of acetonitrile and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide adjusted to pH 5.0 with orthophosphoric acid in ratio 25:75. Results: The developed performance liquid chromatographic method offers symmetric peak shape, good resolution and reasonable retention time for both drugs. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration range of 125-625 ppm for Ceftazidime and 62.5-312.5 ppm for sulbactam sodium. Conclusion: The results showed that this method could be well used for the simultaneous estimation of Ceftazidime and Sulbactam in plasma and combined formulation.

Color Doppler Ultrasound Indices in Endometriotic Cysts

Problem statement: There have been considerable interests on using non-invasive techniques to detect endometriosis. A few studies were evaluated the Doppler ultrasound findings of endometriosis. This study aimed to characterize the grayscale and Doppler ultrasound findings of endometriosis. Approach: During present prospective study, gray scale and Doppler ultrasound findings of 37 women with final diagnosis of endometriosis were evaluated. Patients with probable diagnosis of endometriosis underwent conventional transvaginal and color Doppler assessment. After laparascopic confirmation of endometriosis, gray scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic data of patients considered for analysis. Results: Finally data of 37 subjects� data with suspected endometriosis was analyzed. Twenty nine of lesions were endometriosis, five hydrosalpinx, four paraovarian adhesion cysts and one peritoneal inclusion cyst according to laparoscopic exploration. Out of 29 endometriotic cysts, flow was detected in 58.62%. The mean of RI and PI were 0.67�0.15 (0.46-1.00) and 1.49�0.85 (0.66-3.11), respectively. Conclusion: In our experience, transvaginal sonography with color Doppler interrogation is a useful technique in the diagnosis of pathologic ovarian conditions, including cystic endometriosis.

Molecular Gender Determination of Ancient Human from Malay Peninsular

Problem statement: DNA samples from fourteen modern human bloods (seven males and seven females) and two ancient skeletal samples excavated from Kalumpang Island and Dungun, Peninsular Malaysia were subjected for molecular genders determination using specific primers of human AMELX and AMELY. Approach: A standard multiple PCR mixture with forward primer and either a human X-specific reverse primer for AMELX or a human Y-specific reverse primer for AMELY amplifications were used to assess the presence of these genes in male and female samples. Results: PCR amplification of a modern male sample yielded 329 and 235 bp bands, whereas a modern female sample only 329 bp band. The Kalumpang Island sample produced two positive bands of AMELY and AMELX. After reamplification of the Dungun sample, only an AMELY band was visible. All amplified bands were cloned into TA plasmid and sequenced. BLAST analysis showed that the 329 bp band is AMELX, while the 235 bp product is AMELY. Conclusion/Recommendations: The skeletal remains of both Kalumpang Island and Dungun samples from west and east of Peninsular Malaysia respectively, are males.

The Effect of Technology Transfer Factors on Performance: An Empirical Study of Libyan Petroleum Industry

Problem statement: In Libya, like most petroleum producing countries, attempts began to develop the petroleum industry through several frames of Technology Transfer (TT). The realization of TT is progressively more forecasted with a starting point of essential factors mainly government support, Knowledge base, environment, Willingness to learn and anticipated to rely more on these factors further in the future. Approach: This study evaluated the degree of significance for the government support, knowledge base, environment and the willingness to learn after years of implementing industry standards, importing technology and training employees and joint ventures with advanced companies were applied to the Libyan petroleum industry. Results: The TT performance factor measurements were derived from a questionnaire survey conducted recently on the Libyan petroleum industry, which involved in TT process. With response rate of 68.35%, the findings showed that the TT performance correlates with the level of readiness of environment, knowledge base, willingness to learn factors and the influential role of government support factor in the Libyan petroleum industry. Conclusion: Hence, results implied or even established that successful performance of TT, which able to cultivate petroleum industry employees can provide a broader spectrum of benefits to the petroleum industry.

Optimal Power Multicast Problem in Wireless Mesh Networks by Using a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization

Problem statement: Most mobile nodes in a wireless ad hoc network are powered by energy limited batteries; the limited battery lifetime imposes a constraint on the network performance. Therefore, power consumption of network operations is critical and subject to optimization. Approach: A novel hybrid PSO was proposed for solving the minimum power multicast problem in wireless ad-hoc networks. The MPM problem has been mathematically formulated to a constrained optimization problem using hybrid PSO. Results: In results, we considered that the centralized algorithm requiring a global knowledge of the networks is impractical in large wireless networks, the distributed version of the centralized algorithm requiring multihop neighborhood information under the assumption that limited frequency band is available. Conclusion: A variety of simulations were conducted to examine the performance of the proposed approach and the results show that our algorithm consistently outperforms existing techniques.

On the Predictability of Risk Box Approach by Genetic Programming Method for Bankruptcy Prediction

Problem statement: Theoretical based data representation is an important tool for model selection and interpretations in bankruptcy analysis since the numerical representation are much less transparent. Some methodological problems concerning financial ratios such as non-proportionality, non-asymetricity, non-scalicity are solved in this study and we presented a complementary technique for empirical analysis of financial ratios and bankruptcy risk. Approach: This study presented new geometric technique for empirical analysis of bankruptcy risk using financial ratios. Within this framework, we proposed the use of a new ratio representation which named Risk Box measure (RB). We demonstrated the application of this geometric approach for variable representation, data visualization and financial ratios at different stages of corporate bankruptcy prediction models based on financial balance sheet ratios. These stages were the selection of variables (predictors), accuracy of each estimation model and the representation of each model for transformed and common ratios. Results: We provided evidence of extent to which changes in values of this index were associated with changes in each axis values and how this may alter our economic interpretation of changes in the patterns and direction of risk components. Results of Genetic Programming (GP) models were compared as different classification models and results showed the classifiers outperform by modified ratios. Conclusion/Recommendations: In this study, a new dimension to risk measurement and data representation with the advent of the Share Risk method (SR) was proposed. Genetic programming method is substantially superior to the traditional methods such as MDA or Logistic method. It was strongly suggested the use of SR methodology for ratio analysis, which provided a conceptual and complimentary methodological solution to many problems associated with the use of ratios. Respectively, GP will provide heuristic non linear regression as a tool in providing forecasting regression for studies associated with financial data. Genetic programming as one of the modern classification method out performs by the use of modified ratios. Our new method would be a general methodological guideline associated with financial data analysis.

Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Pulse-Width Modulation for Single Phase Active Power Filter

Problem statement: The design and implementation of a sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) generator for a single-phase hybrid power filter is presented. Approach: The PWM was developed in an Altera� Flex 10 K Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and the modulation index was selected by calculating the DC bus voltage of the active filter through a digital controller, by Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) technique. Results: Experiment results showed the proposed active power filter topology to be capable of compensating the load current and the voltage harmonic, up to IEC limit. Conclusion: The implemented PWM generator using an FPGA required less memory usage while providing flexible PWM patterns whether same phase, lagging, or leading, the reference voltage signal.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Infertile Male Patients Attending Kamal Alsamaraee Fertility Center about Assisted Reproductive Technique in Practice

Problem statement: The aim of this survey was to show the knowingness and standings of infertile male patient that attending Kamal Al Samaraee fertility center, about IVF and IUI procedures in clinical practice. Approach: A cross sectional study done and data were collected during two months period using special form of questionnaire, the total sample was 203 male patients Were performed using descriptive rates and percentages, procedures included Pearson�s product- moment correlation were included. Results: The first part showed the demographic data and there was a significant positive correlation between the patient�s knowledge about (ART) and level of education (r = 0.703988) and their knowledge and duration of infertility (r = 0.607133) respectively. The second part of the study showed lack of knowledge about some aspects of assisted reproductive technique as a procedure and as a technical details, most of the participant don�t know whether IUI need general anesthesia or not (41%), the same thing is true for (IVF) technique, also 41% of the sample didn�t know whether fertilization of ova done outside the wife body or not., the third part showed the attitudes of participants were (80%) of the participants refused gamete donation. Conclusion: it was obvious that there was lack of knowledge about many aspects of (ART), also the attitudes of the participants was highly influenced by cultural and religious believes therefore, education is needed to make the general community aware of the various aspects of (ART), on the other hand we recommended that a governmental legislative and financial support should be made for the promotion of assisted reproductive technique in Iraq.

Income Statements Transparency and Firms� Characteristics of Companies Listed on the Bursa Malaysia

Problem statement: This research was intended to contribute to the one of Corporate Governance mechanism on transparency and disclosure on the financial statements. Approach: As in the recent development of findings from Financial Statements Review Committee (FSRC) that company did not disclose of Material expenses and not classified accordingly. Results: This study provides an evidence for the transparency level on income statements with regards of firms� characteristics of 150 main and second boards companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia. The characteristics were grouped into three groups of variables: structural (firm size, leverage and number of shareholder), market related (listing type and industry type) and performance (profit margin, return on equity and liquidity). The study was started with the development of a Transparency Index based on the percentage of the details of expenses disclosed in annual reports (notes to the accounts) over the total expenses of the company. The findings suggested that this index on the average for the companies in the sample is about 64% with three companies scoring transparency index of 100%. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed on the data. The stepwise regression method indicated that only one variable was significant at 5% which was the Number of Shareholders (LnNOSH). The other factors were not significant. Hence, this study will contributes to the enhancement of knowledge regarding income statements transparency and disclosure practices under new reporting regime in Malaysia. Conclusion/Recommendations: This study also served as a basis for further research in this area. This study also suggested that further research should be done on longitudinal study basis for several years of data with more appropriate or suitable variables to the model.

Secret Keys Multiplication Based On Polynomial Arithmetic Operation Secret Keys Multiplication Protocol

Problem statement: Most of the currently used secret keys multiplication protocols are computationally expansive with relatively arithmetic operation requirement due to dependency on the number theory. Therefore, it's important to develop new secret keys multiplication protocol which is based on polynomial arithmetic operation. Approach: In this study we proposed a new scalable group re-keying protocol for seemed data transmission. This proposed protocol was based on polynomial arithmetic operation for data transmission in order to reduce the computational cost. Result: Computationally, the proposed secret key multiplication based on polynomial arithmetic operation (SKMP) protocol is much faster than other secret keys multiplication protocol such as the Secret Keys Multiplication Protocol (SKM). Conclusion: The possibility of establishing a method of multicast group re-keying based on polynomial arithmetic operation for data transmission in order to reduce the computational cost.

An Effective Location-Based Power Conservation Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Problem statement: One of the major issues in current reactive routing protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is the high bandwidth and power consumptions during the routing process. In this study, we proposed and evaluated the performance of an efficient Location-Based Power Conservation (LBPC) scheme for MANETs. Approach: In this scheme, the transmitting node utilized the location-information of the first-hop neighbors to adjust its radio transmission range according to one of the following criteria: Farthest first-hop neighbor, average distance of the first-hop neighbors and a random distance between the nearest and the farthest first-hop neighbors. Results: A number of simulation were carried-out to evaluate the power conservation ratio that can be achieved for two route discovery algorithms, namely, pure flooding and Location-Aided Routing Scheme 1 (LAR-1) algorithms. Conclusion: The simulation results demonstrated that the scheme can provide power conservation ratios between 10-50% without adding any extra overheads or complexity to the routing algorithm.

A Prototype Two-Axis Laser Scanning System used in Stereolithography Apparatus with New Algorithms for Computerized Model Slicing

Problem statement: A successful operation of rapid prototyping process depends on software and hardware which are used in RP machines. About software, an efficient technique is required to slice the CAD model. Several slicing methods are used for slicing from Standard Triangulation Language (STL) files, such as direct slicing and adaptive slicing. Using these methods reduce accuracy of physical part or increase process time. About hardware, in Stereolithography (SLA) apparatus, two mirrors have been used to reflect laser beam. Approach: In this study new algorithms were developed for part slicing from STL file and modifying the laser beam path such as: Derivation of contours in each layer, generate contour family tree, detective arcs and modifying laser beam path. A modified mechanism was designed and developed based on only one mirror to reflect laser beam. Results: These algorithms were used in a visual basic interface and the developed mechanism was implemented in a prototype apparatus. Conclusion: Developed algorithms decreased CAD model slicing time and generated more accurate laser beam path than usual methods and fabricated apparatus decreased scanning mechanism complexity and volume of the scanning system.

The Removal of Methyl Red from Aqueous Solutions Using Banana Pseudostem Fibers

Problem statement: The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of methyl red, a mutagenic monoazo dye, from various aqueous solutions using banana pseudostem fibers of the size 212-350 micron. Approach: The parameters studied were the effect of pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of adsorbate and agitation speed. Results: Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The data were best represented by the latter with an adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity of 0.351 and 0.302, respectively. Conclusion/Recommendations: Specific rate constants of the processes were calculated by kinetic measurements and a pseudo second order adsorption kinetics was obtained for all cases.

Interface Micromotion of Cementless Hip Stems in Simulated Hip Arthroplasty

Problem statement: The design of hip prostheses has evolved over time due to various complications found after hip replacement surgery. The currently commercially available cementless femoral stems can be categorized into one of three major types, straight cylindrical, tapered rectangular and anatomical. Each type proposes a unique concept to achieve primary stability-a major requirement for bone healing process. Virtual analyses have been made on individual implants, but comparison between the three major types is required to determine the strength and weaknesses of the design concepts. Approach: Three types of implants were modeled in three dimensions-the straight cylindrical, rectangular taper and anatomical. The size of the three implants was carefully designed to fit and fill the canal of a femur reconstructed from a computed tomography image dataset. Hip arthroplasty was simulated virtually by inserting the hip stem into the femoral canal. Finite element method was used in conjunction with a specialized sub-routine to measure micromotion at the bone-implant interface under loads simulating physiological walking and stair-climbing. Another sub-routine was used to assign bone properties based on the grayscale values of the CT image. Results: All the three types of cementless hip stems were found to be stable under both walking and stair climbing activities. Large micromotion values concentrated around the proximal and distal part of the stems. Conclusion/Recommendations: The three major types of hip stems were compared in this study and all of them were found to be stable after simulated physiological activities.

Growth, Feed Utilization and Heamatology of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell1822) Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Vitamin C

Problem statement: In an effort to increase growth, improve feed utilization, reduce stress and prevent certain diseases, a 14 week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of dietary vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on growth, feed utilization and hematological changes in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Approach: Diets were formulated to contain 0, 50, 100, 150, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg L-ascorbic acid kg^-1 of feed contributing 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% to the formulated diets respectively. Fish of mean weight 10.12�0.7 g were fed on experimental diets in triplicate groups. Weight gain of fish fed diet with 0% of vitamin C were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those fed on supplemented vitamin C diets. Fish fed diet with 1.5% of vitamin C showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain than fish fed on other diets. However, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in weight gain among the fish fed diets containing 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% of vitamin C. Generally, fish fed vitamin C supplemented diets showed better growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency compared with those without vitamin C supplementation. Results: The results of hematological analyses of fish showed that red blood cell, white blood cell, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by vitamin C supplemented diets. Fish fed the vitamin C-free diet begin to show deficiency signs such as erratic swimming, flashing, skin darkening and reduced growth at 12 weeks of feeding trial. Conclusion: This study indicated that 50 mg kg^-1 of ascorbic acid is sufficient to prevent C. gariepinus fingerlings from developing clinical symptoms relating to vitamin C deficiency. A mega dose of 1500 mg kg^-1 of ascorbic acid gave maximum growth performance and feed utilization efficiency.

Wave V Detection Using Instantaneous Energy of Auditory Brainstem Response Signal

Problem statement: ABR machine is a well known machine that has been used on detection of hearing problem especially for babies or children. In ABR, wave V is the most prominent and robust wave that has been used as indicator of hearing loss. However, a fast detection of the wave V is necessary in order to implement newborn hearing screening. There are various types of signal processing methods introduced by researchers in order to achieve the target. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and wavelet transform are well known techniques that have been used in digital signal processing. Approach: In this study, the instantaneous energy of ABR signal had been introduced as a marker to identify the ABR waves. Results: Study showed that the instantaneous energy of auditory brainstem response can be used a marker to identify the ABR waves. Conclusion: This study had proposed a platform for fast hearing screening system.

Porcine Brain Extract Attenuates Memory Impairments Induced by Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Problem statement: Stroke or cerebral ischemia has been recognized as one important problem worldwide. To date, the effectiveness of protective and therapeutic strategies against stroke is still very limited. Therefore, the development of novel strategy is required. Porcine brain is traditional believed to improve brain functions. Recent studies showed that the extract of porcine brain could protect against brain damage related to the oxidative stress, therefore, we hypothesized that it could protect against brain damage in stroke. Approach: To test the potential of porcine brain extract as the novel protective supplement against stroke, various doses of porcine brain extract at doses of 0.5 and 2.5 mg kg^-1 b.w. were orally given to male Wistar rats, weighing 300-350 g, at the period of 14 days before and 21 days after the occlusion of right middle cerebral artery. Then, all rats were determined the neurological score, motor performance, cognitive function and brain infarct volume. Moreover, the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of the extract were also determined via the alteration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) or lipid peroxidation product and via the activities of scavenger enzymes including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxides (GPx). Results: The results showed that the low dose of porcine extract decreased the infarct volume and improved brain functions including neurological score, motor performance and memory deficit. In addition, it also decreased MDA but increased the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx. Conclusion: Our results suggested the potential role of porcine brain extract as neuroprotectant. The possible underlying mechanism appeared to be related to the enhanced activities of SOD, CAT and GPx which in turn resulted in the decrease MDA. Moreover, our findings may shed light on the pharmacologic basis for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine to protect against stroke.

Effect of Germination on γ-Oryzanol Content of Selected Sarawak Rice Cultivars

Problem statement: Rice is rich in complex carbohydrates and beneficial bioactive compounds such as γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), γ-oryzanol and vitamin. Several bioactive components are known to accumulate in rice during germination process. This study was to investigate the effect of germination process on γ-oryzanol levels in selected Sarawak local rice cultivars. Approach: Rice seeds were germinated for 4, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20 or 24 h at 25�C and samples were processed and analyzed for γ-oryzanol content. A partial extraction method was used for quantitative γ-oryzanol analysis. Results: Result showed γ-oryzanol concentrations in the rice cultivars varied from 0.099-0.340 mg g^-1 on dry weight basis. Cultivars Udang Halus and Silah showed the highest concentration of γ-oryzanol after 16 h germination. Conclusion: The germination process exhibited diverse effects on the γ-oryzanol accumulation in rice and it was cultivar dependent.

Immobilization of Lipase from Candida rugosa on Chitosan Beads for Transesterification Reaction

Problem statement: Further study is recommended to improve the immobilization technique and the immobilized lipase�s performance as catalysis in transesterification reaction. Approach: To investigate the ability of immobilized lipase on chitosan beads to catalyze the transesterification of cooking oil to an ester. The porous bead of chitosan was used for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa by physical adsorption. Parameters like reaction time and oil to methanol molar ratios were studied to compare the transesterification performance between free lipase and immobilized lipase. Results: The experimental result showed that the maximum conversion of ester using immobilized lipase and free lipase were 72.25 and 76.5% respectively which was obtained at conditions of 1:4 molar ratios and reaction time of 48 h. Conclusion: Even though the conversion of ester was higher in free lipase than in immobilized lipase, it is still feasible to use immobilized lipase to catalyze the transesterification process provided it�s easier to separate the end product and high potential to be reused. Immobilize lipase also tolerated the water content of oil and increases product yield by avoiding the soap formation.

Characterization of Bio-Oil: A By-Product from Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

Problem statement: Oil palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) are abundant biomass in Malaysia. Studies about production of biofuels using slow pyrolysis of EFB are still lacking. So, this study was aimed to understand the physical and chemical properties of the bio-oil and its simple blends. Approach: EFB was slow pyrolysed with internal heating at terminal temperature of 600�C in a pilot kiln and the main product is the EFB char and the condensates from the emissions were separated into aqueous and tarry fractions. Results: 13 wt% of tarry component (referred as EFB oil) was obtained as small fraction of co-product. The chemical composition of the EFB oil acquired was analyzed by GC-MS and its elemental composition, stability, miscibility, oil fuel properties and corrosion characteristics were determined. The empirical formula of the EFB oil with heating value of 31.44 MJ kg^-1 was established as CH_1.41N_0.03O_0.24. Characterizations of bio-oil, diesel and emulsifier blends were performed. Conclusion/Recommendations: The experimental results showed that the emulsions of EFB oil obtained may be directly used as a fuel oil for combustion in a boiler or a furnace without any upgrading. Alternatively, the fuel may be refined to be used by vehicles.

P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Efflux and Drug Sequestration in Lysosomes Confer Advantages of K562 Multidrug Resistance Sublines to Survive Prolonged Exposure to Cytotoxic Agents

Problem statement: Cellular drug resistance to anticancer agents is major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy and the mechanisms by which these MDR cells possess for protecting themselves to survive prolonged exposure to cytotoxic agents still debating. The study aimed to clarify the role of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and enhanced drug sequestration in lysosomes to confer the multidrug resistance K562 cells with varied degree of Pgp expression. Approach: Erythromyelogenous leukemic K562 and its corresponding Pgp-over expression K562/adr (RF = 26.5) and K562/10000 (RF = 39.6) cells were used. The transport of intrinsic fluorescence molecules including acridine orange and pirarubicin across plasma membrane of living cells was performed by using spectrofluorometric and flow cytometric analysis. Results: Pirarubicin passively diffused through the plasma membrane of K562, K562/adr and K562/10000 cells with the same values of k+ = 3.4�0.3 pL. s^-1.cell^-1. Similar results were found for acridine orange, which passively diffused through plasma membrane of these cell lines about 30-fold faster than pirarubicin. The mean rate of Pgp-mediated efflux coefficient (k_a) of pirarubicin was equal to 2.6 � 0.9 pL.s^-1.cell^-1 for K562/adr and 4.7 � 1.0 pL.s^-1.cell^-1 for K562/10000 cells. The Pgp-mediated efflux of acridine orange could not be determined for K562/adr cells while an enhancement of exocytosis in K562/10000 cells was characterized. The acridine orange exhibited antiproliferative activity and IC₅₀ for K562, K562/adr and K562/10000 cells was 447�40, 715�19 and 1,719�258 nM, respectively. Cytotoxicity of acridine orange was increased by 2-fold in the presence of and 25 nM monensin. Conclusion: The results clearly demonstrated for the first time that by using the same methods and cell lines. The predominant cellular defense mechanism determined in multidrug resistant cells depends upon the nature of molecular probes used. As molecular probe, pirarubicin clearly showed that the Pgp-mediated efflux of drug play as predominant mechanism while AO clearly demonstrated the role of drug sequestration in lysosomes following an enhance exocytosis in both MDR sublines.

Nucleotide Sequence of the Coat Protein Gene of the Malaysian Passiflora Virus and its 3� Non-Coding Region

Problem statement: In this study, we identified the full length Coat Protein (CP) gene of the Malaysian Passiflora Virus (MPV) and its 3' non-coding region. The CP gene of the MPV contained 285 amino acid residues. Approach: Pairwise comparison of the MPV CP region with four other potyviruses, namely East Asian Passiflora Virus (EAPV), Passionfruit Woodiness Virus (PWV), Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) and Soyabean Mosaic Virus (SMV) revealed amino acid sequence similarities ranging from 72-95%. Results: The 3' non-coding region of the MPV, which consists of 255 nucleotides, showed 69-95% nucleotide sequence identity when compared with the four potyviruses. The highest (95%) sequence similarities were detected with PWV and EAPV. An analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed the presence of consensus motifs (DAG tripeptides) characteristic of potyviruses. DAG tripeptides had been reported to be essential for aphid transmission. Conclusion: From the amino acid sequence alignment and identity level observed among the four other potyviruses, we concluded that MPV is a member of the genus Potyvirus and was closely related to both PWV and EAPV.

Voltage Sag Effects on the Process Continuity of a Refinery with Induction Motors Loads

Problem statement: Process continuity of industrial plants (like a refinery) is subjected to several shutdowns due to voltage sags causing large induction motors to trip, either by undervoltage or by overcurrent relays, sometimes by the mechanical protection. These unplanned shutdowns cost the plant tens of thousands of dollars per shutdown in addition to material damage costs, restart charges and any penalties due to delay in product delivery and shipping. Approach: The behavior of induction motors during voltage sags was investigated. In addition to the well-known parameters of voltage sags (time and duration), other parameters such as three-phase unbalance, point on the wave of sag occurrence, harmonics, loading percentage and pre-sag voltage were also examined through computer simulations using the MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox. Motors� ride-through capability during sags was also studied and guidelines for adjusting the protection relays of the induction motors were highlighted. Results: Results showed that response of induction motor to voltage sags is dependant on sag characteristics, as well as motor and load parameters. Three-phase voltage sags and sags occurring at zero crossing were the most severe events. Transient currents occurring at the instants of voltage sag and voltage recovery are directly proportional to the voltage drop, not to the remaining voltage magnitude. Transient currents and torques induced at the instant of sag recovery are higher than those induced at the instant of sag occurrence. Lightly-loaded motors and motors operated at voltages higher than the nominal voltage are less affected by voltage sags. Conclusion: Manufacturers of induction motors impose strict protection settings to protect their machines from any possible damage. However, the starting process of the motor inherits starting currents and torques much higher than those occurring during voltage sags. Readjusting of the protection relay settings especially the undervoltage relay may be adequate to counteract voltage sags. No conditioning equipment was required.

Forecasting Peak Load Electricity Demand Using Statistics and Rule Based Approach

Problem statement: Forecasting of electricity load demand is an essential activity and an important function in power system planning and development. It is a prerequisite to power system expansion planning as the world of electricity is dominated by substantial lead times between decision making and its implementation. The importance of demand forecasting needs to be emphasized at all level as the consequences of under or over forecasting the demand are serious and will affect all stakeholders in the electricity supply industry. Approach: If under estimated, the result is serious since plant installation cannot easily be advanced, this will affect the economy, business, loss of time and image. If over estimated, the financial penalty for excess capacity (i.e., over-estimated and wasting of resources). Therefore this study aimed to develop new forecasting model for forecasting electricity load demand which will minimize the error of forecasting. In this study, we explored the development of rule-based method for forecasting electricity peak load demand. The rule-based system synergized human reasoning style of fuzzy systems through the use of set of rules consisting of IF-THEN approximators with the learning and connectionist structure. Prior to the implementation of rule-based models, SARIMAT model and Regression time series were used. Results: Modification of the basic regression model and modeled it using Box-Jenkins auto regressive error had produced a satisfactory and adequate model with 2.41% forecasting error. With rule-based based forecasting, one can apply forecaster expertise and domain knowledge that is appropriate to the conditions of time series. Conclusion: This study showed a significant improvement in forecast accuracy when compared with the traditional time series model. Good domain knowledge of the experts had contributed to the increase in forecast accuracy. In general, the improvement will depend on the conditions of the data, the knowledge development and validation. The rule-based forecasting procedure offered many promises and we hoped this study can become a starting point for further research in this field.

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants from Malaysia

Problem statement: About 32 extracts from eight selected medicinal plants, namely Pereskia bleo, Pereskia grandifolia, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma zedoria, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma inodora aff. Blatter, Zingiber officinale var. officinale (jahe gajah) and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (jahe emprit) used by Malaysia traditional health care systems were screened for their antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria using agar disc diffusion assay. Approach: The efficacy of the extracts was compared to the commercially prepared antibiotic diffusion discs. Results: No inhibition was observed with the water fractions. Conclusion/Recommendations: None of the plants tested showed inhibition against Escherichia coli. Curcuma mangga showed some remarked inhibition against the bacteria used in this study.

A Note on the Improvement of Evaluation System in Wholesale Markets of Agricultural and Fishery Products

Problem statement: He transaction of public wholesale markets accounts for the highest rate in the distribution of agricultural and fishery products. Though the physical distribution system has improved through the revolution in distribution of 32 nationwide wholesale markets, the evaluation system in wholesale markets has not been established properly. With a rapid change of distribution environment surrounding wholesale markets such as change of consumers spending structure and stiff competition resulting from diversification of distributional channels, there needs to be an urgent improvement of evaluation system of agricultural wholesale markets. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of evaluation system in wholesale markets, to examine the operating performance of existing evaluation system and to suggest the improvement of the system. Approach: In this context, the study reviews the whole area of evaluation system in wholesale markets and suggests the following policies for improving the system: Reclassification of evaluation objects, change of evaluation frequency and method, revision of evaluation index, effective measure of evaluation result and adjustment of weight for evaluation index. Result: The evaluation result of wholesale market should be announced earlier than present to solve the above problem. Through the early announcement, it is possible to reflect the effort for improving poor management. Conclusion: This study reviewed the evaluation system in wholesale markets and suggested the methods for improving the system such as reclassification of evaluation objects, change of evaluation frequency and evaluation method, revision of evaluation index, effective measure of evaluation result and adjustment of weight for evaluation index.

Reconfigurable Elliptic Curve Crypto-Hardware Over the Galois Field GF(2163)

Problem statement: In the last decade, many hardware designs of elliptic curves cryptography have been developed, aiming to accelerate the scalar multiplication process, mainly those based on the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), the major issue concerned the ability of embedding this strategic and strong algorithm in a very few hardware. That is, finding an optimal solution to the one to many problem: Portability against power consumption, speed against area and maintaining security at its highest level. Our strategy is to hardware execute the ECC algorithm that reposes on the ability of making the scalar multiplication over the GF(2¹⁶³) in a restricted number of clock cycles, targeting the acceleration of the basic field operations, mainly the multiplication and the inverse process, under the constraint of hardware optimization. Approach: The research was based on using the efficient Montgomery add and double algorithm, the Karatsuba-Offman multiplier and the Itoh-Tsjuii algorithm for the inverse component. The hardware implementation was based upon an optimized Finite State Machine (FSM), with a single cycle 163 bits multiplier and a script generated field squarer. The main characteristics of the design concerned the elimination of the different internal component to component delays, the minimization of the global clocking resources and a strategic separation of the data path from the control part. Results: The working frequency of our design attained the 561 MHz, allowing 161786 scalar multiplications per second, outperforming one of the best state of the art implementations (555 MHz); the other contribution concerns the acceleration of the field inverse scheme with a frequency of 777.341 MHz. Conclusion: The results indicated that using different optimizations at the hardware level improve efficiently the acceleration of the ECC scalar multiplication and the choice of the target circuit gratefully enhances propagation delays and increases frequency.

Application of Direct Current and Temperature Stresses of Low-Voltage ZnO Based Varistor Ceramics

Problem statement: The stresses to humidity, DC and AC bias, multiple impulse voltages and high temperatures are known to affect the varistor performance and it is also interesting to know the effect of both DC bias and temperature stresses at the same time. Approach: Here, the simultaneous DC and temperature stresses degradation was investigated to see the changes of nonlinear coefficient (α) in Zn-Bi-Ti oxide low-voltage varistor ceramics sintered at various sintering temperatures (1140-1260�C) and two sintering duration times of 45 and 90 min. The current-voltage characteristics of the varistor ceramics were evaluated. Results: The α of ceramic was observed to be decreased with increasing sintering temperature. After loaded with DC and temperature stresses of 0.75V_1mA/80�C/12 h, the α of ceramics for 90 min sintering time decreases with sintering temperature, however that sintered for 45 min sintering time increase with sintering time. Conclusion: The application of DC and temperature stresses in Zn-Bi-Ti oxide ceramics sintered at very long time cause the α to decrease as evidence from higher leakage current.

Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem Using New Operators in Genetic Algorithms

Problem statement: Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have been used as search algorithms to find near-optimal solutions for many NP problems. GAs require effective chromosome representations as well as carefully designed crossover and mutation operators to achieve an efficient search. The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), as an NP search problem, involves finding the shortest Hamiltonian Path or Cycle in a graph of N cities. The main objective of this study was to propose a new representation method of chromosomes using upper triangle binary matrices and a new crossover operator to be used as a heuristic method to find near-optimum solutions for the TSP. Approach: A proposed genetic algorithm, that employed these new methods of representation and crossover operator, had been implemented using DELPHI programming language on a personal computer. Also, for the purpose of comparisons, the genetic algorithm of Sneiw had been implemented using the same programming language on the same computer. Results: The outcomes obtained from running the proposed genetic algorithm on several TSP instances taken from the TSPLIB had showed that proposed methods found optimum solution of many TSP benchmark problems and near optimum of the others. Conclusion: Proposed chromosome representation minimized the memory space requirements and proposed genetic crossover operator improved the quality of the solutions in significantly less time in comparison with Sneiw�s genetic algorithm.

On Regression Modeling of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients

Problem statement: The main propose of this study was to evaluate the HIV patients for the period 1990-2008 depend on three variables age, gender and ethnicity. Approach: The data was analyzed using regression and correlation methods to get the mathematical model that explain the relationship and the effect between the age, gender and ethnicity. SSPS program V. 17.0 was used throughout this study to analyze the data and to generate the various Tables. Results: Using SPSS program to obtain regression models for each year in the period 1990-2008 depend on three variables age group, gender and ethnicity. Also obtained the relationship between all three variables in HIV patients using correlation methods. Conclusion: The age effect on gender and ethnicity in three years 1991, 2001 and 2002 are stronger than other years. In regression models, there exist significance effect between age and gender in two models, but there is no significance effect between age and ethnicity in all models. In correlation, there is no significance relationship between age and gender, age and ethnicity, ethnicity and genders in all years from 1990-2008.

The Effect of Market Orientation on Business Performance of the Companies Designing and Manufacturing Clean Rooms

Problem statement: Theatrically claimed that there is relationship between market orientation and improvement of business performance of the companies, but the regular empirical research is carried out to understand deeply and prove these claims especially in Iranian environment. Considering the importance of market orientation, as well as lack of information on its effects, this study considered its effect on the business performance of companies engaging in clean room industry in Iran, while mentioning different viewpoints and theories on the market orientation. Approach: This study was a descriptive-survey, correlation-based research. Its population includes 110 units, from which, 80 units were selected as sample with using simple random sampling. Finally all study hypotheses were confirmed. At the present study, the different components were extracted for measuring business performance contains: Company effectiveness on the market, including success of new product, attracting the customer, keeping the customer and product quality. Domination over the market, including sale volume, sale growth, market share, financial performance, including profit, cash flows and rate of capital return. Results: The variables correlation coefficients in each of research hypothesis were respectively 0.671, 0.709, 0.659 and 0.517, which considering the acceptance criterion is 0.50 it can be concluded that there is a high correlation coefficient between each one variables. Finally all study hypotheses were confirmed. Conclusion: The positive and significant relationship between market orientation and business performance of the companies designing and manufacturing clean rooms was established though testing the principal hypothesis. In other words, it can be said that market orientation viewpoint on each of companies manufacturing clean rooms had positive influence on their business performance. Recommendations had been submitted as per market orientation components.

Synthesis and Characterization of Organoclay from Sodium Montmorillonite and Fatty Hydroxamic Acids

Problem statement: Sodium Montmorillonite (Na-MMT) has been modified via cation exchange reaction using Fatty Hydroxamic Acids (FHAs) synthesized from palm oil as a surfactant to produce organoclay which is used to prepare polymer nanocomposites. Approach: Basal spacing, functional groups identification and thermal stability of this Organo-Montmorillonite (OMMT) were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) respectively. Elemental analysis was also used to know the composition of OMMT. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was also investigated in this study. Results: The (XRD) results showed that the basal spacing of the treated clay with FHA increased to 31�. The highest d-spacing was observed at 1.8 CEC. FTIR spectra illustrate that FHA compound was successfully intercalated into the clay layers. Tthermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal decomposition of organoclay occurs in four steps. Conclusion: The new organic cation (FHA) was used to modify montmorollonite clay in an attempt to create susceptible clay to polymers. In future, we may predict any derivative of fatty nitrogen compounds can be used as a surfactant for clay modification.

Using Culture, Policy and Traditional Knowledge to Improve Engagement in Science Courses

Problem statement: In our undergraduate science courses, we need to engage students by including the current issues and concerns of our students as well as recognizing the place-based context in which they learn. Including culture, policy and traditional knowledge when it intersects with a chemical principle and a challenging real world issue adds concreteness to the scientific process. Approach: Science Education for New Civic Engagement and Responsibilities (SENCER) is a national dissemination project for courses in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. SENCER courses connect science and civic engagement by teaching through complex, capacious, current and unresolved public issues to the underlying scientific principles. The more that our students were exposed to culturally responsive interdisciplinary science courses that encompass biocomplexity, the more prepared they will act as agents of long term stewardship through periods of rapid change and ecological challenge. It was therefore critical that issues such as sustainability, environmental health, food security, justice and precaution be integrated into science teaching. In studying public issues of the north, students and faculty can use examples from traditional knowledge to illustrate the use of science principles. Results: As part of the IPY UARCTIC effort, examples from climate change, nutrition, nuclear science and chemical ecology were developed to illustrate this integration. The courses adapted and delivered at an arctic university will illustrate the benefits of integrating social and cultural topics with science. Student responses showed an increase in interest in science. Conclusion: The adapt and adopt process is synergistic and should be goal oriented. This approach was especially relevant to minority and indigenous students who were engaged in the issues of their local community. The SENCER approach to arctic science creates a legacy of new, engaging courses in the north.

Meltability and Stretchability of White Brined Cheese: Effect of Emulsifier Salts

Problem statement: This study was based on the hypothesis that by adding low concentrations of emulsifier salts, may specifically act on the cross linking bonds of the protein matrix, to the original brine (storage medium) it would be possible to induce meltability and stretchability in white brined cheese. Approach: A new apparatus for measuring the actual stretchability was designed and constructed; measurements on different cheese samples proved its validity and reliability to measure stretchability. The apparatus was used to evaluate the effect of five types of emulsifier salts under different processing conditions. Results: It was found that by adding 0.2% (w/w) Puromelt C1 or Monosodium phosphate to the brine of white brined cheese, higher levels of stretchability and meltability were induced after 2-4 weeks of storage. Conclusion: Addition of emulsifying salts was proved to be effective method in inducing meltability and stretchability of white brined cheese. Type of salt, its concentration, type of cheese and soaking time are factors that should be controlled to attain the optimum results.

The Effect of Milling Time on Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Compositional Evolution and Particle Size Distribution

Problem statement: This study involved an investigation to ascertain the diffusion of NiO and ZnO into the tetrahedral and octahedral sites using mechanical alloying method. The effect of mechanical alloying towards particle size was also reported. Approach: NiO, ZnO and Fe₂O₃ precursors were mechanically alloyed to synthesis ultrafine powders of Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄. Various milling times were employed to study the effect of milling time on the materials. The ultrafine powder was sampled after each milling time and further characterized using XRD to investigate the phases of the powder and the crystallite size, SEM for the morphology and TEM for particle size investigation. Results: The XRD spectra indicated the precursors reacted during milling with the diffusion of ZnO and followed by NiO into their respective crystallographic sites. SEM micrographs showed the agglomeration of powders due to high energy milling and TEM images proved the particles of the materials were of nanosize. Conclusion: It was concluded that samples prepared using mechanical alloying technique appear to be a potential method for large production due to the possible reduction of cost and also reduction of particle size against milling time.

Exponential-Hyperbolic Model for Actual Operating Conditions of Three Phase Arc Furnaces

Problem statement: The Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is a non-linear load and creates power quality related problem. Therefore, accurate modeling of the EAF is essential. Approach: In this study, an optimal model for EAF in time domain called exponential-hyperbolic, was proposed to describe the behavior of the EAF for all of the operating conditions and it does not need the initial conditions as they needed for the existing methods of modeling of the EAF. Then, the behavior of the proposed model of EAF on the power system was studied using the PSCAD software. In order to analyze the proposed method, several characteristics for different operating conditions were investigated. Results: In the simulation, the parameters were taken from the EAF of the Mobarakeh Steel Making Company (Isfahan-Iran). The results of the simulation accurately showed the behavior of the EAF of the company. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that the proposed exponential-hyperbolic model was capable in modeling of EAF for different operating conditions.

Scale Formation Due to Water Injection in Malaysian Sandstone Cores

Problem statement: Scale deposition is one of the most serious oil field problems that inflict water injection systems primarily when two incompatible waters are involved. Approach: This study was conducted to investigate the permeability reduction caused by deposition of calcium, strontium and barium sulphates in sandstone cores from mixing of injected Malaysian sea waters (Angsi and Barton) and formation water that contained high concentration of calcium, barium and strontium ions at various temperatures (60-90�C) and differential pressures (125-175 psig). The solubility of common oil field scales formed and how their solubilities were affected by changes in salinity and temperatures (40-90�C) were also studied. The morphology and particle size of scaling crystals formed as shown by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were also presented. Results: The results showed that a large extent of permeability damage caused by calcium, strontium and barium sulphates that deposited on the rock pore surface. The rock permeability decline indicates the influence of the concentration of calcium, barium and strontium ions. Conclusion: At higher temperatures, the deposition of CaSO₄ and SrSO₄ scales increases and the deposition of BaSO₄ scale decreases since the solubilities of CaSO₄ and SrSO₄ scales decreases and the solubility of BaSO₄ increases with increasing temperature. The deposition of CaSO₄, SrSO₄ and BaSO₄ scales during flow of injection waters into porous media was shown by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs.

Electric Power System Under-Voltage Load Shedding Protection Can Become a Trap

Design of Multi-Valued Quaternary Based Analog-to-Digital Converter

Forecasting Gold Prices Using Multiple Linear Regression Method

Policies Affect the Application of Information and Communication Technologies by Agricultural Extension Service

The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Agricultural Trade Balance of Iran

The Possibilities of the Application of Feed Additives from Macroalgae in Sustainable Mineral Animal Feeding

Cross Reactivity between Dromedary Whey Proteins and IgG Anti Bovine α-Lactalbumin and Anti Bovine -Lactoglobulin

In vitro and In vivo Anti-Microbial Effects of Nigella sativa Linn. Seed Extracts Against Clinical Isolates from Skin Wound Infections

Screening Three Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Prediction of Biosurfactant-Producer Strain

Problem statement: The chemical surfactants have some disadvantages; especially, toxicity and no biodegradability. Approach: Biosurfactants were the structurally diverse group of surface-active molecules synthesize by micro-organisms. The microbial surfactants were interesting, because of the biodegradable and have many applications in industry, agriculture, medicine. Results: In the present study, the production of biosurfactant by three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTCC 1074, 1310 and 1430) was investigated. The hemolytic and foam forming activity of different strains were studied and consequently, P. aeruginosa PTCC 1074 was selected as the suitable strain. P. aeruginosa PTCC 1074 was grown in the nutrient broth medium and biosurfactant production was evaluated every 24 h by emulsification index and surface tension for the best of production time. After that, in order to get maximum production of biosurfactant, the selected strain was grown with different additives in nutrient broth and the best culture medium was found. The biosurfactant was isolated from the supernatant and its amphipathic structure was confirmed by chemical methods. Conclusion: Biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1074 would be considered as a suitable surfactant in industries due to its low toxicity.

Malignant Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck Diagnosed in an Iranian Population over an 11-Year Period

Problem statement: Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck (MMHN) is a rare lethal disease. This malignancy accounts for half of all mucosal melanomas, occurring mainly in the nasal cavity, oral cavity and pharynx. They appear with equal gender distribution and with a peak incidence in the age range 60-80 years. The aim of this study was to investigate incidence, sex, age and site distribution of MMHN in the Kerman province during the time period from March 1991-2002. Approach: Documents and records of 52 patients with MMHN diagnosed from March 1991-2002 were reviewed. The patients were analyzed according to gender, age and location of the tumor. Data included in the present retrospective study were analyzed by SPSS13.5 statistical software, t-test and chi-square. Results: During this time period, 52 cases (25 men and 27 women) of MMHN were diagnosed. The age range was 7-84 years. The nasal cavity (55.8%) was the most affected site. The palate and upper gingiva was the most common site in the oral cavity (8 patients, 88.8%). Survivals 5 years in MMHN patients were 27% and patients with mucosal melanoma of oral cavity have an 11%, 5 year survival rate. Conclusion: Comparison between the findings of this study with the results obtained by other investigators showed a relative consistency.

Effect of Precipitation Fluctuation on Soil Carbon Storage of a Tropical Peat Swamp Forest

Problem statement: It is important to compare the effect of extremely different rainfall conditions on soil carbon storage of lowland tropical peat swamp forest. Therefore, under these natural rainfall gradient, the objectives of this study were to determine whether rainfall affects soil carbon storage of a tropical peat swamp forest and to determine what correlations between variables occurs which stimulate soil carbon storage changes of a tropical peat swamp forest. Approach: Soil sampling was conducted in two different plots (0.3 ha each plot) to a depth of 15 cm under two extremely different mean rainfall at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The soil samples were analyzed for acidity, organic matter content, total carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The humic acid extraction was also done and soil carbon storage values were obtained by calculation. The calculation of carbon storage was by the bulk density method. Comparison between paired means of soil carbon storage under two different rainfall gradients were tested using paired t-test and correlation analysis was used to correlate variables (pH, soil organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, C/N ratio, C/P ratio, humic acid yield, unstable carbon and stable carbon). Results: The percentage of stable carbon count of unstable carbon was 42.93% under lower rainfall, while that of higher rainfall was 62.69 %. It suggests that this natural tropical peat swamp forest plays an important role as a sink rather than a source of carbon under higher rainfall but inversely under lower rainfall. It also suggests that soil organic matter tends to decompose and releases CO₂ by oxidation under lower rainfall. Stable carbon positively correlated with humic acid yield for the two areas with different rainfall (p<0.01, r = 1.00). However, under higher rainfall, stable carbon also positively correlated with soil organic matter (p<0.05, r = 0.42) and total carbon (p<0.05, r = 0.42). It was found that stable carbon negatively correlated with soil acidity on both higher (p<0.05, r = -0.51) and lower rainfall areas (p<0.01, r = -0.54). However, that association appeared prominent under lower rainfall. Conclusion: Anaerobic environment is more prominent under higher rainfall and may facilitate high value of soil carbon storage in the soil profile of tropical peat swamp forest and allow this ecosystem to function as a carbon sink. During lower rainfall, water availability in tropical peat swamp forest may stimulate this ecosystem to maintain its soil acidity by releasing more CO₂ in soil air and becomes a source rather than a sink of carbon.

Synthesis and Optical Properties of ZnO-TeO2 Glass System

Problem statement: Systematic series of ZnO-TeO₂ glasses with mole fraction of 0.10-0.40 ZnO content with an interval of 0.05 were studied to obtain their physical and optical properties. Approach: All the glass samples were synthesized by rapid melting quenching method under controlled conditions, while their refractive indices (n) were measured by the EL X-02C high precision ellipsometer. The room temperature absorption of all glass samples were determined using Camspec M350 double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. The infrared (IR) spectra of each glass samples were recorded with Thermo Nicolet Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer. Their physical properties were measured and the amorphous nature was confirmed by the x-ray diffraction technique. Results: The increase of refractive index of the TeO₂-ZnO glasses with the addition of ZnO was best explained in terms of either electron density or polarizability of the ions. The absorption edge shift to higher energy (shorter wavelength) with increasing ZnO content was observed in this glass. The optical band gap (E_opt) of zinc tellurite glass decreases with increasing of ZnO content probably due to the increment of Non-Bridging Oxygen (NBO) ion contents which eventually shifted the band edge to lower energies. Conclusion/Recommendation: The physical and optical properties of zinc tellurite glasses were found generally affected by the changes in the glass composition. FTIR spectra of zinc tellurite glass revealed broad, weak and strong absorption bands in the investigated range of wave numbers from 4000-400 cm^-1 which associated with their corresponding bond modes of vibration and the glass structure. The addition of ZnO into TeO₂ glass network shifted the major band from 626 cm^-1 (for pure TeO2 glass) to the band at around 669 cm^-1.

Thermal Comfort Assessment: A Case Study at Malaysian Automotive Industry
Problem statement: Thermal comfort has a great influence on the productivity and satisfaction of indoor building occupants. The exposure to excessive heat during work may cause discomfort and contributed to low productivity among workers. Malaysia known with its hot and humid weather where in most of the survey study published indicated that workers in Malaysia automotive industries had exposed to excessive temperature while working. The study investigated the thermal comfort level experienced by workers at Malaysian automotive industry. Approach: The study had been conducted at one automotive parts assembly factory in Malaysia. The human subjects for the study constitute operators at tire receiving section of the factory. The environment examined was the relative humidity (%), WBGT, air temperature and radiant temperature (�C) of the surrounding workstation area. The environmental factors were measured using Babuc apparatus, which is capable to measure simultaneously those mentioned environmental factors. The time series data of fluctuating level of factors were plotted to identify the significant changes of factors. Then thermal comfort of the workers was assessed by using ASHRAE thermal sensation scale by using Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). Further Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) was used to estimate the thermal comfort satisfaction of the occupant. Finally the PPD versus PMV were plotted to present the thermal comfort scenario of workers involved in related workstation. Results: The trend of relative humidity curve from the graph also indicated the increasing level of discomfort. The radiant temperature observed seems consistent during the study while there was decreasing of WBGT start from afternoon due to the rain. The study revealed that the PPD value of 54% of the workers population at the workstation are likely to be satisfied with thermal comfort at this station while the PMV index from ASHRAE indicated the value 1.07-1.41. Conclusion: The empirical study from the PPD and PMV index indicated that workers working at this were influenced by the heat. The less of PPD value from 80% of the population satisfied with the thermal comfort showed the environment factors that were not good for worker while the PMV index showed the area of work is slightly warm.

An Efficient Low Complexity Lossless Coding Algorithm for Medical Images
Problem statement: Nowadays a large number of various medical images are generated from hospitals and medical centers with sophisticated image acquisition devices, the movement toward digital images in radiology presents the problem of how to conveniently and economically store, retrieve and transmit the volume of digital images. Thus digital image data compression is necessary in order to solve this problem. So in a wide range of medical applications such as disease diagnostic and during the compression process, the loss of information is unacceptable; hence medical images are required to be at high resolution as possible. Instead of lossy compression with relatively high compression ratio, mathematical lossless compression methods are favored in this field. Approach: In this study, an efficient new lossless image coding algorithm using a simple technique was presented. Our coding algorithm was based on pixel redundancy reduction by formulating two matrices only, which were Gray Scale Matrix (GSM) and Binary Matrix (BM). These matrices had been used for coding and decoding processes. Results: Results showed that the maximum compression ratio achieved using the proposed method was 4:1, which was more efficient than the present lossless techniques, moreover the computational complexity is greatly simplified; therefore producing very fast coding and decoding. Conclusion: This algorithm was most suitable for those images where lossy compression was avoided such as medical images used for teleradiology and other telemedicine purposed and it can be applied to other medical modalities.

Budget Deficits and Current Account Deficits in the Philippines: A Casual Relationship?
Problem statement: The problem of budget deficits and current account imbalances has attracted serious consideration from academics and policy-makers in both developed and developing countries. The question is whether such relationships between budget deficits and current account deficits exist in the case of Philippines. Approach: The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the Keynesian proposition and the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis with respect to the direction of causality between budget deficits and current account deficits in the case of the Philippines. Testing procedure was applied to data from that country for the period 1970-2005 to test such relationships. Results: A bi-directional causality between budget deficits and current account deficits was found. This finding was plausible, given the economic crisis in the early 1980s which was associated with economic driven foreign debt in the Marcos era. Conclusion: The results suggested that policy measures to reduce the budget deficit could play an important role in reducing the current account imbalances and vice-versa.

Extraction of Oil from Jatropha Seeds-Optimization and Kinetics
Problem statement: Jatropha curcas is a wonder plant with a variety of applications and has an enormous economic potential. Oil from the seeds can be used as alternative fuel and for making biodiesel which is supposed to overcome energy crisis problems. In this study, extraction of Jatropha oil from seeds was optimized using organic solvent based on the amount of the extracted oil. The kinetics of extraction was also investigated and its parameters were determined based on a second order model. Approach: The effects of five operating parameters on the oil extraction namely type of solvents, temperature, solvent to solid ratio, processing time and particle size of the meal were investigated to optimize the processing conditions for achieving maximum oil yield. The kinetics of extraction was assumed based on a second order mechanism. The initial extraction rate, the saturated extraction capacity, the rate constant of extraction and the activation energy were calculated using the model. Results: The optimum conditions were found at 8 h reaction time, temperature of around 68�C, coarse particle size (0.5-0.75 mm), solvent to solid ratio of 6:1 and hexane as solvent. The activation energy was found to be 8021.9 J moL. Conclusion: Hexane was found to be the best solvent for the process as compared to petroleum ether, the kinetics of extraction conforms well to the second order model and the extraction of Jatropha seeds was found an endothermic process.

Physical Properties of Phenol Compound: Semi-empirical Calculation of Substituent Effects [Part One]
Problem statement: Physical properties of phenol compound such as steric energy, charge of oxygen, ionization potential, dipole moment, LUMO and bond length have been calculated. Approach: All molecular geometries were minimized by quantum mechanic especially at (AM1) method was used to investigate the effect of a variety of substituents on the phenol (H, o-Cl, p-Cl, m-Cl, o-CH3, m-CH3, p-CH3, o-NH2, m-NH2, o-NO2, m-NO2, p-NO2, 2,4-di-NO2). Global descriptor such as electronic chemical potential (), hardness (), the maximum electronic charge and global electrophilicity index () were determined and used to predict the (pKa) values. Results: The theoretical results (predictive values) found were in good agreement with experimental values. The predictive pKa calculated values by AM1 method gave excellent results with experimental values. The correlation between the predicted values especially global electrophilicity index showed excellent qualitative agreement with the experimental pKa (R2 = 0.95). Conclusion: The present research was to calculate the physical properties of phenol derivatives. Then, the calculated values were compared, quite favorably with experimental values of these properties. In future, we can predict any substituent of set of a phenol compound and compare its value with the experimental.

The Effect of Time Variation on the Wear Sliding Behavior of Composites
Composites materials are widely used in all industries all over the world, replacing many other engineering materials. Reasons for such popularity are many, among such, are their physical and mechanical properties in addition to the simplicity of their manufacturing processes. Machine elements that are made of polymeric materials are usually exposed to different causes of failure such as wear. The time effect on the wear behaviour of some composite materials (polyester-commercially fiber reinforcement named (E-glass) was studied. In this study four type of composite different in number of layers, it had (3-6-9-12) layers (Wear volume 0.48, 0.41, 0.71 and 0.78 respectively). All experiments were conducted under dry condition. Preliminary results show the wear volume increases for all examined composites, as the statically applied load increases. Fourth type has the highest wear resistance, then third type and lastly first type. The wear volume increases for all examined composites, varied of time increases.

Regionalism and Its Effects on Iranian Agricultural Exports: The Case of Economic Cooperation Organization
Problem statement: World economy has become increasingly integrated. There is an underlying assumption that integration into the world economy provides more opportunities for trade. The evidence shows that integration at the regional levels can help developing countries to prepare for the international economic integration. It will be important to outline and analyze past efforts at regional integration (regionalism) to have prospects for future arrangements. Approach: Therefore this study assessed the impact of Iran membership in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) on agricultural exports by means of generalized gravity model. The econometric method was used to isolate and eliminate the regional agreement effects is panel and pooled data techniques. Results: Our estimation results indicated positive and significant intra-trade impact of regionalism on Iranian agricultural export. Conclusion/recommendation: We had seen that, directly and indirectly, ECO could have positive effect on Iran agricultural trade. Indirectly, because similarity degree between Iran and the other ECO members in religion, border, ethnic, language and is very high in relation to the other chosen trade partners of Iran. Also a considerable share of the variability in ECO agricultural trade flows referred to uneconomic factors. Therefore, it seems that Iran would be able to expand its agricultural exports by gradually reducing trade barriers in ECO region and using of these ECO members' similarities.

The Effect of Market Orientation on Business Performance of the Companies Designing and Manufacturing Clean Rooms
Problem statement: Theatrically claimed that there is relationship between market orientation and improvement of business performance of the companies, but the regular empirical research is carried out to understand deeply and prove these claims especially in Iranian environment. Considering the importance of market orientation, as well as lack of information on its effects, this study considered its effect on the business performance of companies engaging in clean room industry in Iran, while mentioning different viewpoints and theories on the market orientation. Approach: This study was a descriptive-survey, correlation-based research. Its population includes 110 units, from which, 80 units were selected as sample with using simple random sampling. Finally all study hypotheses were confirmed. At the present study, the different components were extracted for measuring business performance contains: Company effectiveness on the market, including success of new product, attracting the customer, keeping the customer and product quality. Domination over the market, including sale volume, sale growth, market share, financial performance, including profit, cash flows and rate of capital return. Results: The variables correlation coefficients in each of research hypothesis were respectively 0.671, 0.709, 0.659 and 0.517, which considering the acceptance criterion is 0.50 it can be concluded that there is a high correlation coefficient between each one variables. Finally all study hypotheses were confirmed. Conclusion: The positive and significant relationship between market orientation and business performance of the companies designing and manufacturing clean rooms was established though testing the principal hypothesis. In other words, it can be said that market orientation viewpoint on each of companies manufacturing clean rooms had positive influence on their business performance. Recommendations had been submitted as per market orientation components.

The Parallel Maximal Cliques Algorithm for Protein Sequence Clustering

Impedance Analysis of Heat Treated Polyethylene Oxide Polymeric Material for a Neural Storage Application

A Study of the Essential Oils of Four Sudanese Accessions of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Against Anopheles Mosquito Larvae

Coating and Encapsulation of Nanoparticles using Supercritical Antisolvent

An Approach to Improve the State Scalability of Source Specific Multicast

Proximate Analysis of Dragon Fruit (Hylecereus polyhizus)

Reduction of Isolation Period of Coal Humic Acids

Studying the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on the Export of the Main Agricultural Products of Iran

Modeling of Nitric Oxide Formation in Single Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Diesel-Water Emulsion

Geochemical, Petrographic and Magnetic Characteristics of Spinel Lherzolite Mantle Xenoliths from Jabal Remah Volcano, Jordan

The First Report of the Occurrence of Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. on Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.) in Peninsular Malaysia

Effect of Organic Based N Fertilizer on Dry Matter (Zea mays L.), Ammonium and Nitrate Recovery in an Acid Soil of Sarawak, Malaysia

Optimizing of Trichoderma viride Cultivation in Submerged State Fermentation

Product Quality and Effective Demand under Stagnation

Comparative Study of Changing Drainage Basin System with Tectonic Forms, Case Study: Lut Block, Iran

Weighted Semi-Blind Channel Identification by Cross Relation Method

How to Guide and Assess Risk Reduction using Risk Characterization Indicators

Competitiveness and Prospects of Greek Asparagus: The European Context

Model of High-Temperature Diffusion of Interstitial Silicon Atoms in Silicon

Evaluation of Damsites Groutability Using Secondary Permeability Index, Rock Classification (Case Studies)

Environmental Factors Influence on Mobile Learning Business

Multimodal Integration (Image and Text) Using Ontology Alignment

Influence of Hillside Gradient on Forest Road Cross Section Components in a Loamy Clay Soil

A Review: Microbiological, Physicochemical and Health Impact of High Level of Biogenic Amines in Fish Sauce

Linear Regression Model Selection Based on Robust Bootstrapping Technique

Alnus subcordata C.A.M. Cambium Cells Dynamics Along Transport Corridors in Hyrcanian Forests

Determination of the Presence of Huanglongbing in Seeds and Movement of the Pathogen in Citrus reticulata

Development of Nanostructured Stress Free Pt-Rich FePt Films for Micro Electro Mechanical System Applications

Sea Level Threat in Tuvalu

Media Improvement for Hydrogen Production Using C. acetobutylicum NCIMB 13357

Effect of Divalent Ions (A = Ca, Ba and Sr) Substitution in La-A-Mn-O Manganite on Structural, Magnetic and Electrical Transport Properties

Phytoplankton Community of Elechi Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria-A Nutrient-Polluted Tropical Creek

Correlation Between Steady State and Impulse Earth Resistance Values

Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Faults in the Electric Induction Motor

The Tunnel Boring Machine Advancements in Horizontal and Up-Hill Tunnels

The Effects of Excess Oxygen to Mixture on the Gasses Emissions of a Gasoline Engine

What these Trends Suggest?

Real-Time Optimal Control for Rotary Inverted Pendulum

Sustainable Production Process of Biological Mineral Feed Additives

Profiling of Phenolic Compounds of Somatic and Reproductive Tissues of Agave Durangensis Gentry (Agavaceae)

Petrography and Sulphur Isotope Studies of Pyrites in the Muteh Gold Deposit

Nutritional Value of the Maize Stalk Borer and American Bollworm as Unconventional Protein Sources
Problem statement: The maize stalk borer and American bollworm were grown in an artificial media to evaluate their potential as human food sources. Approach: Both cultures were started from moths and the life cycle and culture structures were evaluated. Results: The larvae of both insects reached maximum weight and maximum length at the same time. The growth rate of the youngest larvae was found to be the highest and the increase in the body weight during the growth period appeared to be linear. The larvae of these insects started to decrease in weight after they reached the maximum size. For efficient systems for the commercial production of the maize stalk borer and the American bollworm, the larvae should be harvested when they are 39 and 21 days old, respectively. The protein contents were 38.0 and 33.0% and the fat contents were 14.5 and 14.4% for the dried larvae of the American bollworm and maize stalk borer, respectively. The larvae of both insects contained the essential amino acids and minerals. Only 10% mortality was observed with older larvae of both species. A system where eggs are separated from adults and hatched in separate chambers would alleviate the possible danger of losing the population due to microbial infection. The high moisture content of the larvae (60.4-61.0%) could cause handling and storage problems. Drying and grinding the larvae would reduce them to easily manageable forms and would improve their marketability as novel food. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study show the potential of using insects as a protein source for human consumption to alleviate protein deficiency in many parts of the world, especially in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Further research is required to evaluate their growth characteristics on low substrates. Future research should also evaluate environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and heat and CO₂ production on food consumption and protein yield per gram substrate. This information will aid in the design of optimal production systems.

Antibacterial Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Callistemon citrinus and Albizia lebbeck
Problem statement: Callistemon citrinus and Albizia lebbeck are two kind of native plants in Khoozestan province in Iran, according to the agreement that medicinal plant could be replaced the medicine we are trying to determine the antibacterial effect of the named plants. Approach: The antibacterial properties of ethanolic and methanolic extract of Callistemon citrinus leaf and Albizia lebbeck leaf was studied against different pathogenic bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Salmonella typhi, Kelebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes by disc diffusion method. The samples collected from young trees from Ahvaz city at may 2009. Results: The extract of C. citrinus showed significant activity against the majority of bacteria which is comparable with standard antibiotics. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for hydroalcoholic extract of Callistemon have been determined also for four bacteria; S. pyogenesis, S. typhy, B. anthrasis, S. typhy, Albizia lebbeck extract despite previous reports didn�t have any significant effect. Conclusion: According to the good effects of Callistemon citrinus on Bacillus species it has antiseptic effects and could be used as a therapeutic agent and therefore, it appears to be a potent antimicrobial agents that could be considered as a medicinal plant.

Metabolic Fingerprinting of Three Malaysian Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectromertry
Problem statement: There is a chemical variation among different ginger cultivars detected by previous studies including the volatile and non-volatile oleo-resins. In this study we try to determine whether these variations are related to a genetic factor rather than environmental or intrinsic factors. Approach: A comprehensive metabolic fingerprinting from the leaves of three micro-propagated ginger cultivars Bukit Tinggi, Tanjung Sepat and Sabah was performed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Constituents of the ginger leaves were first extracted and then fractionated into methanolic and chloroform. The samples were subsequently methoximated and silylated prior to GC-MS analysis. Results: By applying this technique, we detected more than 300 compounds (polar and non-polar) in total originated from each ginger cultivar. Based on the GC-MS fragmentation, three different classes of metabolites were detected from the ginger cultivars, namely amino acids, carbohydrates and organic acids. A qualitative variation on the type of ginger metabolites was observed, albeit no marked different found in the level of the metabolites. Conclusion: Apparently the chemical variations among the three ginger cultivars were due to genetic effects since almost all other environmental and intrinsic factors were eliminated.

Factor Analysis, Target Factor Testing and Model Designing of Aromatic Solvent Effect of the Formyl Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shift in Para Substitueted Benzaldehydes
Problem statement: The variations of formyl proton Chemical Shifts (CS) of p-substituted benzaldehydes in aromatic solvents were investigated. The validity of several physical solvent and empirical solvent scales was examined. Also, to predict dipolarity-polarizability (π^*) solvent scale for some aromatic solvents. Model designing was also achieved to rationalize the aromatic solvent effect on the formyl proton CS. Approach: The previously recorded formyl proton CS for p-X- benzaldehydes, with X were NMe₂, OMe, OC₃H7, H, Br, CHO and NO2 in benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene and mesitylene were subjected to Factor Analysis (FA). Target Factor Testing technique (TFT) was performed for several solvent scales namely: Unity, the intrinsic aromatic solvent induced shift of TMS (IASISTMS), f(n), f(d), (n²-1)/(n²+2), (d-1)/(d+2), E_T(30) and π^*. Iterative TFT was applied to predict unmeasured (π^*) solvent scale for ethyl benzene, n-butyl benzene, sec-butyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene and isopropyl benzene. Results: It has been found that two factors were responsible for the variation in the formyl proton CS. The unity, f(n), (n²-1)/(n²+2), IASISTMS, E_T(30) and π^* were real factors. Model designing of the formyl proton CS in benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene and mesitylene were achieved. The models with lowest root mean square error (RMSE) have shown that Unity is a consistent term. The other term was either IASISTMS or π^*. Iterative TFT predicted new π^* values for ethylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene and isopropylbenzene respectively. Conclusion: FA has revealed that two real factors are responsible for the variation of formyl CS in benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene and mesitylene solvents. TFT has shown to be a powerful technique in predicting new values of the π^* solvent scale. Model designing for the formyl proton CS have revealed that the IASISTMS, π^* and Unity are the best empirical solvent scales and were better than any physical solvent scales in reproducing the formyl CS. The IASISTMS reflects the dipolarity-polarizabilty of the aromatic solvent. The cofactor of the solvent scale was found to correlate with the σ_p⁺ substituent parameter.

The Study on the Effect of Different Levels of Zeolit and Water Stress on Growth, Development and Essential Oil Content of Moldavian Balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)
Problem statement: In order to meet the ever increasing demand of medicinal plants, for the indigenous systems of medicine as well as for the pharmaceutical industry, some medicinal plants need to be cultivated commercially and moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica) is one of them. Approach: To determine the effects of zeolite and water stress on aforementioned plant�s phisiomorphological characteristics, an experiment was conducted with applying four zeolite levels and three water discharge levels during plant growth. Some growth and development parameters were measured. Results: Summarized that, zeolite did not have any significant effect on plant height and number of internodes but had, on the other traits. There were not a significant effect of water discharge on plant height, number of flowers and number of internodes but its effect on the flowering time and essential oil content was significant. Moreover, there was not an interaction between zeolite and water stress on number of flowers and number of internodes but this interaction was significant on the other parameters. Conclusions/Recommendations: Finally, 2 g zeolite with 50% water losses was recommended to obtain higher essential oil. Additional researches are needed to confirm the results for data from other fields and crops.

Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance to Commonly Used Antimicrobials in Intra-Abdominal Infections in Two Teaching Hospitals
Problem statement: Intra- abdominal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The resulting infection is typically polymicrobial and comprised of both aerobic and anaerobic microbes, which need systemic antimicrobial therapy. Since the bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility of postoperative intra abdominal infections were not determined in Iran, so this study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among aerobic bacteria isolated from post-operative intra-abdominal selected samples in 2 teaching hospitals in Kerman, Iran. Approach: the peritoneal sample of 174 patients which undergone abdominal surgery were cultured by routine microbiological methods for aerobic microorganisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to 4 commonly used antibacterials (Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin) using disc diffusion method according to the NCCLS guidelines. Results: ٍEscherichia coli (E. coli) was the most frequent microorganism which was isolated from 70.6% of peritoneal cultures, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (13.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.8%) and Proteus mirabilis (4.9%). E. coli which was the most common isolate was highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin (84.6%) and gentamicin (76.9%).The resistance rate of E. coli isolates to ampicillin was very high, i.e, 80.8% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The resistance rate for pseudomonas and Klebsiella spp. to commonly used antimicrobials varied from 25% to ciprofloxacin to 100% to ampicillin. Conclusion: E. coli was the most common isolate in post-operative peritoneal cultures. The results showed the relatively high resistance rate of the isolated microorganisms to commonly used antimicrobials, especially to ampicillin. So the choice of antimicrobial therapy must be based on the susceptibility tests and also take into account the risk of inadequate and in appropriate antimicrobial therapy and emergence of bacterial resistance to commonly used antimicrobials.

The Effect of Methionine and Threonine Supplementations on Immune Responses of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease
Problem statement: The aim of this study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing methionine and threonine higher than the National Research Council (NRC) recommendation in the diets on immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). Approach: A total of 450 day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to one of the nine dietary treatments. Three levels of methionine (NRC (M1), 2 times NRC (M2) and 3 times NRC (M3)) and 3 levels of threonine (NRC (T1), 2 times NRC (T2) and 3 times NRC (T3)) were fed. On day 28, all birds were challenged with a commercial live-IBDV vaccine. Results: Antibody titer against IBD and ND were influenced by interaction of threonine and methionine. On 7 days after IBD challenge, ND antibody titer of the broilers receiving the highest level of methionine and threonine was significantly higher than that of other treatment groups. Lesion score of the bursa of the broilers receiving control diet was significantly the highest compared with the other treatments. Conclusion/Recommendations: The results obtained on the present study indicated that threonine and methionine requirements of broiler based on recommendation of NRC are not sufficient to meet the requirement of the new commercial poultry and commercial broiler companies under non-hygienic condition.

Spatial Variability of Irrigation Water Percolation Rates and Its Relation to Rice Productivity
Problem statement: Study on spatial variability of vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity or percolation loss was conducted within a plot of an area of 1.2 ha paddy plot to find out the relationship between percolation rate and rice productivity. A paddy soil condition that permits percolation rate of 10-20 mm irrigation water day^-1 was recommended in order to get high yield of rice. This value is very high when compared to typical values from 1-4 mm day^-1 for the Malaysian engineers practiced in paddy fields. Approach: This study presented results of a study that relate the distribution of percolation rates with respect to rice yield productivity. Soil samples at 36 sampling points were collected. DGPS was used to locate the sampling points and then rice yields of the same point were collected. The relationship was determined by statistical correlation factor. Kriging method was used to map the distribution of percolation and yield. Results: The results of the study showed that percolation loss was very low and varied even within a small area. Spatial variability maps show that the area of high percolation rates is the same area that produced high yield. Even though high yields can be obtained from the areas of high percolation rate, it may not be the optimum rate. Conclusion: Higher yield within the area of high percolation may be due to less toxic since it is easily be drained out.

Isolation and Characterization of Thermophilic Cellulase-Producing Bacteria from Empty Fruit Bunches-Palm Oil Mill Effluent Compost
Problems statement: Lack of information on locally isolated cellulase-producing bacterium in thermophilic compost using a mixture of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as composting materials. Approach: The isolation of microbes from compost heap was conducted at day 7 of composting process where the mixture of composting materials consisted of 45.8% cellulose, 17.1% hemicellulose and 28.3% lignin content. The temperature, pH and moisture content of the composting pile at day 7 treatment were 58.3, 8.1 and 65.5�C, respectively. The morphological analysis of the isolated microbes was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Gram stain method. The congo red test was conducted in order to detect 1% CMC agar degradation activities. Total genomic DNAs were extracted from approximately 1.0 g of mixed compost and amplified by using PCR primers. The PCR product was sequent to identify the nearest relatives of 16S rRNA genes. The localization of bacteria chromosomes was determined by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) analysis. Results: Single isolated bacteria species was successfully isolated from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)-Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) compost at thermophilic stage. Restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the DNAs coding for the 16S rRNAs with the phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated bacteria from EFB-POME thermophilic compost gave the highest homology (99%) with similarity to Geobacillus pallidus. The strain was spore forming bacteria and able to grow at 60�C with pH 7. Conclusion: Thermophilic bacteria strain, Geobacillus pallidus was successfully isolated from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mil Effluent (POME) compost and characterized.

Relationship between Rice Yield and Apparent Electrical Conductivity of Paddy Soils
Problem statement: Understanding the relationships between rice yield and soil properties such as bulk electrical conductivity is of critical importance in precision farming. The apparent Electrical Conductivity of soil (ECa) is influenced by a combination of physico-chemical properties including soluble salts, clay content and mineralogy, soil water content, bulk density, organic matter and soil temperature. Accordingly, ECa is considered as the most reliable and frequently used tools in precision farming research for the spatio-temporal characterization of edaphic and anthropogenic properties that influence crop yield. Many researchers have found positive correlation of ECa to crop yield such as corn and soy bean but not rice paddies. This study discussed on the relationship between ECa and rice yield for best practice management on paddy field. Approach: The analyses had used two reliable methods in six selected paddy lots at Sawah Sempadan, Selangor, Malaysia. Stepwise Linear Regression (SLR) and Boundary Line Analysis (BLA) techniques were used. External factors such as weather conditions, disease outbreaks, labor shortage and other factors were not considered in the data analysis and interpretation. Results: The results indicate that deep ECa (ECad) is significantly related to rice yield with R² = 0.1246 and R² = 0.4156 from SLR and BLA analyses, respectively. Conclusion: Results of this study can benefit farmers and researchers to understand the influence of ECa to the crop productivity.

Study of Seven-Lump Kinetic Model in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit
Problem statement: The effective simulation of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) operation requires a good understanding of many factors such as, reaction kinetic, fluid dynamics and feed and catalyst effects. Approach: In this model the reactor has been considered as an isothermal riser. The reactions in the riser occur with the fluid and the solids in ideal plug flow. Because of complication of the catalytic cracking mechanism and existence of multi-components in the feed, to decrease the calculation content in the kinetic models, the reactants and products have been considered as a set of hydrocarbons, so these models are called �Lumped Models�. Results: To simulate the FCC riser, the seven-lump model involved residual oil, heavy lump, light lump, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, dry gas and coke (to predict the feed conversion and the product distribution) has been developed. Conclusion: Simulation studies are performed to investigate the effect of changing various process variables, such as temperature and residence time. Comparison of simulation results with industrial ones shows that the simulation has been achieved accurately.

Design and Optimization of a 1.55 �m Waveguide Based on Silicon Planar Photonic Crystals
Problem statement: In this study, Silicon based Planar Photonic Crystals (PPC) are used for the design of a 1.55 �m waveguide. Approach: Band structure calculations were performed using a block-iterative frequency-domain code to find the design parameters of both triangular and square photonic crystal slab lattices of air holes. Results: The thickness of the Silicon slab and the pore radius are varied in order to obtain optimum design parameters leading to a large and complete bandgap. Line defects are then formed in the PPC structures, by removing rows of holes, to obtain a Planar Photonic Crystal Waveguide (PPCW). Conclusion/Recommendations: The frequency domain method for Maxwell�s equations in a planewave basis was used to calculate the dispersion relations for the guided modes for several widths of the waveguides.

Knowledge Representation of Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor Voltage Response for Potassium Ion Concentration Detection in Mixed Potassium/Ammonium Ion Solutions
Problem statement: The Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) is a metal-oxide field-effect transistor-based sensor that reacts to ionic activity at the electrolye/membrane/gate interface. The ionic sensor faces issue of selectivity from interfering ions that contribute to the sensor electrical response in mixed solutions. Approach: We present the training data collection of ISFET voltage response for the purpose of post-processing stage neural network supervised learning. The role of the neural network is to estimate the main ionic activity from the interfering ion contribution in mixed solutions given time-independent input voltages. In this work, potassium ion (K⁺) and ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) ISFET response data are collected with readout interface circuit that maintains constant voltage and current bias levels to the ISFET drain-source terminals. Sample solutions are prepared by keeping the main ion concentration fixed while the activity of an interfering ion varied based on the fixed interference method. Results: Sensor demonstrates linear relationship to the ion concentration within detection limit but has low repeatability of 0.52 regression factor and 0.16 mean squared error between similarly repeated measurements. We find that referencing the voltage response to the sensor response in DIW prior to measurement significantly improves the repeatability by 15.5% for correlation and 98.3% for MSE. Demonstration of multilayer perceptron feed-forward neural network estimation of ionic concentration from the data collection shows a recognition of >0.8 regression factor. Conclusion: Time-independent DC voltage response of ISFET of the proposed setup can be used as training data for neural network supervised learning for the estimation of K+ in mixed K⁺/NH₄⁺ solutions.

Are There Smaller Leverage Effects in Less-Developed Markets? Evidence from an Oil Exporting Country
Problem statement: This study uses daily data from the Tehran Stock Market (TSM) to illustrate the nature of stock market volatility in an undeveloped and young stock market. Although most studies suggest that a negative shock to stock prices will generate more volatility than a positive shock of equal magnitude but there is no evidence of asymmetric effect in TSM. Determine the nature of stock market volatility in an oil exporting country. Approach: Trading in Tehran Stock Market (TSM) is based on orders sent by the brokers. The data consist of 2375 daily observations of the closing value of the Tehran stock market from 3/30/1998 to 5/04/2007. Our empirical finding shows that the unconditional variance is 0.18 but visual inspections of the time series suggests that volatility of the stock return rate displays the clustering phenomenon associated with GARCH processes. Results: The estimation and test results for all models suggest that the leverage effect term, Γ, is not significant at 5% level. Although, in Asym. CARCH model based on normal distribution for errors, the estimated coefficient on the asymmetry term is -0.066 with a z-statistics of -1.749 recognized as significant at 10% level, but it has the wrong sign. It seems that good news and bad news has the same effect on stock prices in TSM, a result that is contradictory to other studies for developed countries. Conclusion: The estimated models containing TARCH, EGARCH, asymmetric CARCH and PARCH with different assumptions on error distributions suggest no strong and significant asymmetric effect. There are some reasons for this finding: (1) In Iran with Islamic laws, debt contracts are illegal or at least not enforced and Iranian firms do not have any financial leverage. As a result, we would expect to find smaller leverage effects in volatility in Iran than in the United States, for example. In deed the institutional differences with western financial markets manifest themselves in different return characteristics. (2) Stock prices in the TSM by regulation and intervention cannot exceed from some range. The strong serial correlation in returns necessitating long lags in the mean equations is possibly due to such regulations. (3) The history of TSM is very short compared to other stock markets and the information flow in this market is very slow. The estimated coefficients on the expected risk (as a measure of the risk-return tradeoff) are not significant. These findings suggest that the TSM is not efficient.

Optimized Crossover Genetic Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows
Problem statement: In this study, we considered the application of a genetic algorithm to vehicle routing problem with time windows where a set of vehicles with limits on capacity and travel time are available to service a set of customers with demands and earliest and latest time for serving. The objective is to find routes for the vehicles to service all the customers at a minimal cost without violating the capacity and travel time constraints of the vehicles and the time window constraints set by the customers. Approach: We proposed a genetic algorithm using an optimized crossover operator designed by a complete undirected bipartite graph that finds an optimal set of delivery routes satisfying the requirements and giving minimal total cost. Various techniques have also been introduced into the proposed algorithm to further enhance the solutions quality. Results: We tested our algorithm with benchmark instances and compared it with some other heuristics in the literature. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is competitive in terms of the quality of the solutions found. Conclusion/Recommendations: This study presented a genetic algorithm for solving vehicle routing problem with time windows using an optimized crossover operator. From the results, it can be concluded that the proposed algorithm is competitive when compared with other heuristics in the literature.

Piecewise Sliding Mode Decoupling Fault Tolerant Control System
Problem statement: Proposed method in the present study could deal with fault tolerant control system by using the so called decentralized control theory with decoupling fashion sliding mode control, dealing with subsystems instead of whole system and to the knowledge of the author there is no known computational algorithm for decentralized case, Approach: In this study we present a decoupling strategy based on the selection of sliding surface, which should be in piecewise sliding surface partition to apply the PwLTool which have as purpose in our case to delimit regions where sliding mode occur, after that as Results: We get a simple linearized model selected in those regions which could depict the complex system, Conclusion: With the 3 water tank level system as example we implement this new design scenario and since we are interested in networked control system we believe that this kind of controller implementation will not be affected by network delays.

Using an Adaptative Fuzzy-Logic System to Optimize the Performances and the Reduction of Chattering Phenomenon in the Control of Induction Motor
Problem statement: Neural networks and fuzzy inference systems are becoming well-recognized tools of designing an identifier/controller capable of perceiving the operating environment and imitating a human operator with high performance. Also, by combining these two features, more versatile and robust models, called �neuro-fuzzy� architectures have been developed. The mo Approach: Motivation behind the use of neuro-fuzzy approaches was based on the complexity of real life systems, ambiguities on sensory information or time-varying nature of the system under investigation. In this way, the present contribution concerns the application of neuro-fuzzy approach in order to perform the responses of the speed regulation, ensure more robustness of the overall system and to reduce the chattering phenomenon introduced by sliding mode control which is very harmful to the actuators in our case and may excite the unmodeled dynamics of the system. Results: In fact, the aim of such a research consists first in simplifying the control of the motor by decoupling between two principles variables which provoque the torque in the motor by using the feedback linearization method. Then, using sliding mode controllers to give our process more robustness towards the variation of different parameters of the motor. However, the latter technique of control called sliding mode control caused an indesirable phenomenon which harmful and could leads to the deterioration of the inverter�s components called �chattering�. So, here the authors propose to use neuro-fuzzy systems to reduce this phenomenon and perform the performances of the adopted control process. The type of the neuro-fuzzy system used here is called�: Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)�. This neuro-fuzzy is destined to replace the speed fuzzy sliding mode controller after its training process. Conclusion: Therefore, from a control design consideration, the adopted neuro-fuzzy system has opened up a new direction that allows for the design of robust controllers for uncertain non-linear dynamical systems without resorting to system model simplifications and linearization and without imposing structural conditions on system uncertainties. On the other hand, it is important to say that this approach permits to improve the performance of the controlled system only by choosing the appropriate form of the membership functions (shape, triangular�) and a good partionnement of the universe of discourse of the diverse variables. Finally the obtained simulation results prove that the objectives of the authors where attempt by a significant reduction of the chattering and a good robustness of the process towards parameter variation and external perturbation (load torque).

Exploring Critical Determinants in Deploying Mobile Commerce Technology
Problem statement: The research�s problem lies in the fact that deploying m-commerce technology in Jordan represent the first serious trail to understand and explore the critical determinants that affect deploying mobile commerce technology. Approach: This research applied TAM model using the following variables: Perceived trust, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social and cultural values and economic issues to explore determinants. Results: The result of the distributed 210 questionnaires to mobile commerce users in Amman Stock Exchange (Brokers and Investors) and 179 were returned correct and studied, reveal that perceived trust, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social and cultural values have significant association with intention to deploy mobile commerce technology while economical issue is not significant. Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that TAM have capability in exploring critical determinants that affecting the intention to deploy mobile commerce technology in Jordanian marketplace, therefore, further studies are recommended to explore the critical determinants of deploying mobile commerce technology in other economic sectors.

Field Programmable Gate Array -Based System-on-Chip for Real-Time Power Process Control
Problem Statement: Nowadays Real-Time (RT) embedded control applications require not just higher performance but more flexibility as well without increasing cost and resources. Approach: In this study we presented a promising co-design and implementation of control solution. We developed flexible solution using software control algorithms coupled with an embedded RT kernel on powerful embedded processor cores, combined with reconfigurable logic and dedicated resources on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Various architectures were compared and contrasted in terms of speed and FPGA area. Results: This fully integrated RT control system in a System-on-Chip (SoC) was applied to electric motors drive in order to enhance both flexibility and performance. Experimental results showed the feasibility and the efficiency of the approach; they demonstrate the capacity of implementing, in high-level coding, high speed and more complex control algorithms with RT constraints. Conclusions/Recommendations: Programmable SoC enabled flexible control system design. This solution can be readily applied to any control algorithm with minor hardware or software adapting to specific application requirements.

Comparing Reading Processing Strategies of Second Language Readers
Problem statement: The message that a writer tries to convey in a text would be subjected to several interpretations by readers. Apparently, reading is a complex process of getting input. A well-known researcher offers two views of reading: (i) reading is a process of decoding written symbols and (ii) reading is a process of reconstructing meaning. It has also been proposed that readers used reading processing strategies in the process of understanding text. Most language educators are not aware of the specific reading strategies that second language readers utilize. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to conduct a study that could explore the specific types of strategies used and to compare the strategies utilized by readers of differing abilities. Approach: A study is conducted to examine the second language readers� use of reading strategies at the Malaysian secondary schools. They read a piece of reading material, and then respond to questionnaires concerning reading strategies such as supervising strategies, support strategies and paraphrase strategies. Results: The findings indicate that there are differences in reading strategies used by second language readers of differing abilities for some of the question items. The results suggest the need to address the incorporation of reading strategy instruction in the language curriculum in order to produce more efficient readers. Conclusion: This investigation is another useful contribution to the applied linguistics research since second language educators would gain better insight into the readers� comprehension process.

Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Gains Scheduled PI Controller for Enhancement of Power System Stability
Problem statement: Power system oscillations affect system stability and may lead to failure if not properly controlled. Approach: A Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Gains Scheduled Proportional and Integral (FGPI) controller was proposed for a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)-based stabilizer to enhance the power system stability. Linguistic rules and fuzzy inference mechanism are utilized to tune the controller parameters on-line in different operating states. The proposed controller was applied to a single machine infinite bus system represented by the Phillips-Heffron generator model. Simulation studies have been carried out using MATLAB Fuzzy Logic toolbox. Simulated Annealing-based Power System Stabilizer (SAPSS) and Simulated Annealing-based TCSC Stabilizer (SACSC) approaches were also simulated in this study and their results were compared with proposed controller. Results: The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed control scheme performs well and strongly control the power system under different loading conditions, disturbances and system parameter variations. Conclusion: The proposed controller is robust and more suitable for damping of low frequency oscillation and more effective in improving dynamic stability and voltage profile than the two other approaches.

Adsorption of Pb(II) on Spent Leaves of Green and Black Tea
Problem statement: In recent years much attention has been focused on the use of biomass residues as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated waters. Spent tea leaves, an abundantly available material that is currently disposed of as a solid waste, are potentially suitable for such applications. Approach: To provide some information on the adsorption properties of tea waste, we evaluated the removal efficiency of lead ions by spent leaves of green and black tea. Batch adsorption experiments were made at 25 and 40�C at initial lead-ion concentrations between 0.01 and 2 g L^-1. Equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir equation to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity and the equilibrium constant. The adsorption characteristics of the two materials were also compared with those of coffee grounds, activated carbon and Fuller�s earth. Results: Experimental data showed that removal efficiencies up to 98-99% can be achieved when using spent tea leaves as lead adsorbent. The results were only marginally affected by the type of tea waste. At low lead loading, the adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir equation, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 83-130 mg g^-1 and an equilibrium constant ranging from 0.112-0.245 L mg^-1. A comparison with other adsorbents provided the following order for lead removal efficiency: Black tea, coffee grounds > green tea > Fuller�s earth > activated carbon. Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that using spent tea leaves as an adsorbent may be an efficient and economical means for removing lead and, presumably, other heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Development of A Semi-Industrial Multi Fruit Dryer System Using Simultaneous Intelligent Control
Problem statement: This study presented a semi-industrial fruit dryer machine which is useful to dry different types of fruit. The drying process and its functions are selectable by user to obtain a multi dryer system. Approach: A microcontroller base controller that enables to simultaneous monitoring was utilized. There are two types of sensors as the inputs of system which are temperature and humidity. The output of sensors continuously was monitored with the main processor and given functions based on fruit types are executed. The selected fruits were put on trays in batch dryer. Results: Presented system was tested on three different fruits which have differences in texture and moisture content. The optimum drying temperature where provided because the product would be dried without burning. The material moisture content decreased throughout the drying process. A cause study was done to illustrate the effectiveness of the designed dryer. Conclusion: Several performed results illustrated the amenability of proposed system as the multi-fruit dryer machine.

Bayesian Methods for Ranking the Severity of Apnea among Patients
Problem statement: Studies on apnea patients are often carried out based on data obtained from the sleep study. This data is quite scarce since high cost is required for conducting the study. Bayesian method is particularly suitable for analyzing limited data as it allows for updating of information by combining the current information with the prior belief. Approach: In this study we demonstrated the use of Bayesian methods to rank the severity of apnea for 14 patients, based on the posterior mean of the rate of occurrence of apnea. Results: The results indicated from the comparison using three different prior distribution for the underlying rate of occurrence of apnea, that is improper, gamma and log-normal priors, the ranking of patients in terms of severity of apnea are the same, regardless of the choice for the prior distributions. Conclusion: In conclusion the model fitting was found to be slightly better when based on gamma prior.

Controlling the Morphology of Nano-Hybrid Materials
Problem statement: It is known that layer double hydroxide is one of the nano ordered layered compounds and possesses plate-like morphology if carefully crystallized. Approach: In this study, Co-Sn LDH consisting of divalent and tetravalent cations was prepared with new morphology. XRD patterns of the prepared Co-Sn LDH showed that the interlayer spacing of the LDH was 0.78 nm and SEM image showed nano-needles structure. Results: By intercalation reaction with monocarboxylic acids at room temperature, XRD patterns indicated that the interlayered spacing increased to 3-4.8 nm and formed organic-inorganic nano-hybrid materials. Also, SEM images showed that the nano-needles structure of Co-Sn LDH changes to plate like-structure. Conclusion: Thermal analyses (TG, DTG and DTA) and Infrared spectrum confirmed the intercalation processes of n-capric acid and n-stearic acid inside Co-Sn LDH and the formation of nano-hybrid materials.

An in vitro Assessment on the Efficacy of Clay-Based Formulated Cells of Pseudomonas Isolate UTAR EPA2 for Petrol Degradation
Problem statement: Application of free-cell forms is usually impractical to achieve satisfactory bioremediative effect because the microbes are encumbered by the biotic and abiotic stresses from the environment. Approach: In this study, a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium (Pseudomonas isolate UTAR EPA2) was formulated with various combinations of formulative materials, comprising of clay-based carrier materials such as Bentonite (B) and Kaolin (K), enrichment materials such as Non-fat skimmed milk (N) and Sucrose (S) and a UV-protectant agent Para-aminobenzoic acid (P). Formulated cells were treated to sunlight exposure for 6 h to mimic the conditions in the environment prior to testing for their efficacy in degrading petrol, a mixed hydrocarbon substrate. Results: Cells in all formulations including free-cell suspension were able to degrade petrol with a relatively high degradation efficacy of more than 66% even after exposure to sunlight. Degradation efficacy was slightly higher for kaolin-based formulated cells compared to bentonite-based formulations, especially after exposure to sunlight, although their percentages of degradation were not statistically different. Nevertheless, kaolin-based formulations have very low viable cell count especially in formulations with P (KP, KNP, KSP, KNSP). This suggested that aside from viable cells, the physical properties of the clays could have also contributed to the degradation of petrol. Conclusion: For storage purposes and applications in the field, we suggest that the bacterium is formulated with bentonite-based formulations especially using Bentonite (B) clay singly, as relatively high percentage of petrol degradation and viable cell count was achieved with this formulation.

Technical Efficiency of Chili Production
Problem statement: Scarcity of resources has led to production economists to think about the reallocation of existing resources to produce a prescribed level of output with the minimum cost without changing the production technology. But there is a lack of information about the efficient use of inputs in chili production. Except for a few descriptive studies, econometric analysis has yet to be conducted to examine the production function for chili cultivation and its potential for future improvement in Bangladesh. Approach: In this study an effort was made to assess the level of technical efficiency required for chili production in the administrative district of Jamalpur and also analyzed the status of resource allocation for its production. The Cobb-Douglas stochastic production frontier model was used to analyze the data. Results: The study revealed that cultivation of chili is highly profitable. The net return against cultivating of chili was Tk 73,164 ha^-1 while the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was 1.93. However, all the farmers were not very close to the maximum frontier outputs (efficiency levels varying from 11-96% and their mean efficiency was 77%). Conclusion: On an average, 23% technical inefficiency appears which implies that the output per farm can be increased on an average by 23% through chili production using the prevailing technology and without incurring any additional production cost. Side by side advanced technology (high yielding variety, disease and pest management) could be adapted to increase production of this particular spice.

Study on the Key Success Factors of the Operation of a Regional Military Logistic Food Material Center
Problem statement: In order to establish an integrated supply system of the military food material, the study was to discuss the key success factors of operation of the military regional food material logistic center in Taiwan. Approach: The Delphi method, questionnaires and telephone interviews were used to collect and integrate the opinions of experts and scholars. Simultaneously, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to confirm the evaluative factors of each level, i.e., one goal (to construct key success factors of the operation of a regional military logistic food material center) for the first level, two analytical aspects (the external and internal environments) for the second level, six evaluative facets (the safety design, strategic management, administrative effect, policy, service and internal and external integration) for the third level and 19 evaluative criteria for the fourth level. Results: The 350 questionnaires from the second phase which were sent out to four kinds of respondents, 319 valid ones were returned. Conclusion: After AHP analysis, the results of this study could suggest an evaluation table for the key success factors of operation of the military regional food material logistic center in Taiwan.

Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Auditory Brainstem Response Threshold Shift in Rabbits Exposed to Noise and Carbon Monoxide
Problem statement: Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is one of the most important occupational disease in worldwide. NIHL has been found to be potentiated by simultaneous Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure. Exposure to noise plus CO is common in occupational and environmental settings. Free radicals have been implicated in cochlear damage resulting from exposure to noise and due to CO hypoxia This study examined whether N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) administration cause attenuation of Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) threshold shifts resulting from noise exposure and noise plus CO exposure. Approach: Forty-two rabbits were divided into seven groups including control, noise+ saline, noise+ CO +saline, noise+ NAC, noise+ CO+ NAC, CO+ NAC and NAC alone. ABR was assessed before exposure, 1 hour and 14 days post exposure. Results: The administration of 325 mg kg^-1 of NAC prior, following and post exposure to noise or noise plus CO recovered permanent ABR threshold shift at 1 and 2 kHz almost to the baseline and provided significant attenuation in permanent ABR threshold shift at 4 and 8 kHz in subjects which were exposed to noise but it did not block the potentiating of threshold elevation by CO exposure (extra threshold loss by combined exposure) at 4 and 8 kHz. Conclusion: NAC provides protective effect against hearing loss resulting from noise exposure and simultaneous exposure to noise plus CO.

Administrative Feasibility of Monitoring Mechanisms Implementation for Sustainable Agriculture
Problem statement: The purpose of this study was to analyze the administrative feasibility of monitoring mechanisms implementations in Hamedan province. Recognizing, formulating and ranking appropriate mechanisms were another objective of the study. Approach: This study was a descriptive survey research and the statistical population of the study included staff and executive experts� that involved in related to agricultural development organizations of Hamedan. The all of statistical population were selected and studied. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the participants. The questionnaire was validated by a 5 member panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha. In total, 210 questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the participants. Two statistical techniques were also used to analyze data. Coefficient of variance was used in order to determine priority of different mechanisms about resource conservation. Mann-Whitney technique utilized for assessing agreement of expert�s perceptions. Results: Results of different mechanisms ranking show that four of them placed from first to fourth orders with a low coefficient of variance. These mechanisms were: Codification of appropriate rules and regulations, resources conservation police establishment, integrated systems of permission and utilization licenses, polluters pays surcharge. Results from agreement assessment revealed that both staff�s experts and executive perceptions agreed with 12 mechanisms because variation coefficient was low for these 12 mechanisms, some command and control mechanisms implementation in the study area are unfeasible (resources conservation police establishment� (Sig = 0.032), �encounter versus invasive of natural resources� (Sig = 0.022), �monitoring of technology application standards� (Sig = 0.042) and �tradable rights (permits) for resource utilization� (Sig = 0.033). The mechanisms which had a view of external control were not agreed with experts and had no priority. Conclusion: Therefore, using compulsory or forced mechanisms expect to have the less possibility of success in order to conserve basic resources of agricultural sector product. It can be expected that those mechanisms which had high priority will contribute to agricultural related organizations when they intend to apply resource conservations strategies.

New Mesogenic Schiff Base Esters with Polar Chloro Substituent: Synthesis, Thermotropic Properties and X-Ray Diffraction Studies
Problem statement: Many studies have been conducted on the Schiff base�s alkyl and alkyloxy possessing terminal halogen substituent. However, the thermotropic properties of Schiff base�s ester (or alkanoyloxy) with chloro terminal group remained unstudied. Approach: Synthesis a series of new Schiff base ester possessing polar chloro group and investigate its mesomorphic properties. The title compounds were prepared via condensation and esterification reactions. The molecular structures were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques. All the members are differed by the length of alkanoyloxy chain, C_n-1H_2n-1COO, where n = 2-8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. The mesomorphic properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and temperature-dependent X-ray diffractometry. Results: Whilst short members (n = 2-5) were not mesogenic compounds, n-hexanoyloxy and n-heptanoyloxy derivatives exhibited monotropic SmA and SmB phases. Enantiotropic smectogenic A and monotropic smectogenic B were observed in n-octanoyloxy to n-hexadecanoyloxy derivatives. Highest member of the series, n-octadecanoyloxy derivatives exhibited monotropic SmA phase. Conclusion: The ester linkage and polar terminal group in the present series are essential for the formation of liquid crystal phase in Schiff bases.

Modeling of an Industrial Riser in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit
Problem statement: The aim of this study is to obtain a model that can simulate the performance of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit in steady state. Approach: The reactions in the riser occur in a transported bed with the fluid and the solids in ideal plug flow. One of the main advantages of the model is that it does not include any partial differential equations. This facilitates the solution of the equations and makes the model particularly suitable for control studies. Results: To simulate the FCC riser, the four-lump model involved gas oil, gasoline, light gas and coke (to predict the Gas oil conversion and the product distribution) has been developed. Conclusion: Simulation studies are performed to investigate the effect of changing various process variables, such as temperature, catalyst circulation rate and gasoil feed rate. The calculated data of the product distribution were agreed well with the experimental results.

Modified Center Interpolation Net for Classification of Composite Structures Tested Using Low Frequency Electronic Tapping
Problem statement: Most exhaustive NDT techniques require large capital equipment, are difficult to apply to complex geometric structures and, above all, are time-consuming to use and some take a considerable time to complete. As a solution to the problems associated with NDT applications, there is a need to establish an intelligent analysis system that supports a portable testing environment, which allows various types of inputs and provides sufficient data regarding damage severity in the tested structure. Approach: This research investigated possible fast NDT systems and algorithms and provides a novel approach that allows engineers and researchers to pinpoint defects in real time. The system was based on incident signals on a composite surface being detected and analyzed. Any damage in the composite causes a change in the detected signal. The proposed technique is suitable for high volume monitoring and inspection of safety critical components non-destructively. It unified through conversion the extracted information from irrelevant background using the developed Classification Algorithm with the ability to correlate obtained data to level of damage and it is effect on the structure overall performance. Results: The feasibility of using time measurements to establish the integrity of RIM composites using a handheld, low frequency, electronic tapping device has been studied. The relationship between damage and component thickness had also been established. Conclusion: A mathematical model describing the composite time response and its relation to both level of damage and tensile strength was presented. An excellent agreement between the model and the testing data was observed. Also the credibility of the measuring device and its promising future as a cheap on line NDT testing instrument was proved.

Applying Model Reference Adaptive Controller for Lateral Motion of Aircraft
Problem statement: This study developed a new application for the output model reference adaptive control of linear continuous systems based on the concepts of hyper-stability. Approach: The main idea is to design a non-linear controller which will ensure the minimal error between the reference model and the plant outputs. Results: Therefore, the synthesis of adaptive control with a model of reference was done either using the theory of Lyapunov or from the concept of hyper-stability. The proposed approach was developed and applied to a lateral motion of aircraft, in order to determine the lateral and directional control angles required for trim under steady turns and sideslips. Also, this application is based on the directional and lateral static stability derivatives of the aircraft. Conclusion/Recommendations: Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed application method.

Key Performance Indicators Supporting Decision-Making Affecting Malaysian Enterprise� Project Performance in China
Problem statement: Nowadays, Improving decision-making to define a group of strategic objectives and associated Performance Indicators (KPIs) are has become one of the critical issues for practices relating to scope management gaining competitive advantages. Approach: This study focus on validate KPI supporting decision-making for sustainability appraisal in projects management for Malaysian Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) enterprises in China. Results: First, it need to identify key issues related to sustainable intelligent buildings (AEC factors) and determines the performance level of their projects in China. Second, test critically decision-makers perceptions and values of selected KPIs intelligent buildings to supporting decision-making processes. Third to develop a conceptual model for the selection of the appropriate KPIs for measuring the level of sustainability for sustainable intelligent buildings, this provides information as to whether practices could be adopted by Malaysian AEC enterprises in China to achieve objectives. Conclusion: This study established KPIs-SDM practices that are significantly correlated with the projects handled by Malaysian enterprises in China. It investigated and compare 19 KPIs-SDM relational factors for Malaysian AEC project adopted in China.

A Novel Carbon Steel Pipe Protection Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network
Problem statement: The cost due to corrosion Damage have estimated to be 3-4% of their gross national product which significantly Countries problem around the world. Approach: In this study, a novel carbon steel pipe protection based on RBFNN was proposed. The RBFNN used to predict the minimum current density required in impressed current cathodic protection to protect low carbon steel pipe. Learning data was performed by using a 30 samples test with different concentration C%, temperature T, distance D and pH. The RBFNN model has four input nodes representing the (concentration C%, temperature T, distance D and pH), eight nodes at hidden layer and one output node representing the min. current density. Results: Generalization test used 5 data samples taken from the experimental results other than those data samples used in the learning process to check the performance of the neural network on these data. Conclusion: In addition, the experimental results indicate that proposed system can be used successfully to obtain minimum cathodic protection current density to protect low carbon steel pipes.

Predict Location(s) of Apis dorsata Nesting Sites Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Melaleuca Forest
Problem statement: The Asiatic Giant honeybees (Apis dorsata) are seasonally abounded throughout the upland and lowland rainforests in South East Asia. The colonies of A. dorsata are found to nest in aggregates on tall bee trees (tree emergent) in the open, as well as, nesting singly in concealed locations when nesting low, especially in the submerged forest of Melaleuca cajuputi as in the vast hectare of Melaleuca forest along the coastal areas of Terengganu. The trunk and branches of the Melaleuca trees are almost upright and the bark are papery and loose that it is unsuitable to serve as nesting support for A. dorsata. Therefore, other trees with sloping branches in the vicinity of the Melaleuca forest are chosen as nesting supports for the A. dorsata colonies. Melaleuca cajuputi and Acacia auriculiformis trees are major sources of nectar and pollen for A. dorsata. Approach: A pilot study were conducted to determine the vegetation distribution area of Melaleuca cajuputi and Acacia auriculiformis, colony distribution and density Apis dorsata colonies using the remote-sensing and field survey by GPS hand held in the submerged Melaleuca forest around the village of Gong Beris, Marang district, Terengganu (Upper left 5�2�19.223�N, 103�10�4.092�E and lower down 4�53�42.31�N, 103�22�37.90�E). Result: Based on the map and field survey, it is clear that almost all Apis dorsata nesting sites were located in the Acacia auriculiformis areas Melaleuca cajuputi is mostly using by Apis dorsata as source of nectar and pollen in Marang district, Malaysia Conclusion: The outcome on the distribution area and feral colonies nesting sites will be used to propose the locating of possible A. dorsata nesting sites and understand better nesting behavior of Apis dorsata to improvement searching ability for honey hunters in Marang district.

Noise Control Using Coconut Coir Fiber Sound Absorber with Porous Layer Backing and Perforated Panel
Problem statement: Noise control was one of the major requirements to improve the living environment. One of the methods to do that is provided by sound absorber. Commonly, multi-layer sound absorbers are applied to absorb broadband noise that was composed of perforated plates, air space and porous material. However, multi-layers sound absorbers effectiveness depends on their construction. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of using coconut coir fiber as sound absorber. The effects of porous layer backing and perforated plate on sound absorption coefficient of sound absorber using coconut coir fiber were studied. Approach: Car boot liners made from woven cotton cloth were used as type of porous layer in the study. This material has been used widely in automotive industry. Perforated plate used was machined with perforation ratio of 0.20, thickness of 1 mm and holed diameter of 2 mm. The samples were tested at the acoustic lab of the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, according to ASTM E 1050-98 international standards for noise absorption coefficient. Results: The experiment data indicates that porous layer backing can improve noise absorption coefficient at low and high frequencies with significant increasing. 20 mm thick layer coconut coir fiber with porous layer backing exhibit peak value at frequencies between 2750-2825 Hz with maximum value of 0.97. The experimental results also found that the coconut coir fiber with perforated plate gives higher value for lower frequencies range from 600-2400 Hz. The optimum value for coconut coir fiber with perforated panel is around 0.94-0.95 for the frequency range 2600-2700 Hz. Conclusion: Noise absorption coefficient of coconut coir fiber was increased at all frequency when they were backing with Woven Cotton Cloth (WCC). At low frequency, the NAC have significant increasing. This is because WCC have higher flow resistivity than coconut coir fibers, so that sound can be dissipated as it travels through material significantly. The results from the experimental tests show that it has good acoustic properties at low and high frequencies and can used to be an alternative replacement of synthetic based commercial product. By using the porous layer and perforated plate backing to coconut coir fiber, the sound absorber panel shows a good potential to be an environmentally friendly product. This innovative sound absorption panel has a bright future because they are cheaper, lighter and environmentally compare to glass fiber and mineral based synthetic materials.

Emerging Stock Market Performance and Economic Growth
Problem statement: In spite of significant development in Iran stock market as a emerging stock market, there has been not specific research on the causality between the stock prices and economic growth. This study represented a systematic investigation of the relationship between stock market performance and economic growth in Iran by conducting causality tests within the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework. Approach: To achieve this objective unit root tests are fulfilled for all time series data in their levels and their first differences. Johansen co-integration analysis is used to investigate whether the variables are co-integrated of the same order taking into account the maximum eigenvalues and trace statistics tests. A vector error correction model is applied to examine the long-run relationship between stock market performance and economic growth. Finally, Granger causality test is applied in order to find the direction of causality between the examined variables of the estimated model. Results: Findings imply the causality link between economic growth and stock price fluctuations in the long run, as well as bilateral causality running between share prices and economic growth in the short run. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be inferred that the level of real economic activity is the main factor in the movement of stock prices in the long run and stock market plays a role as a leading economic indicator of future economic growth in Iran in the short run.

Improved Dielectric Model for Polyvinyl Alcohol-Water Hydrogel at Microwave Frequencies
Problem statement: The study described rigorous dielectric modeling for Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-water hydrogel mixture at microwave frequencies. Approach: A commercial open-ended coaxial sensor was used to measure the dielectric constant, loss factor and ionic conductivity, σ of PVA-water hydrogel mixture ranging concentration of 80-100% water content. Results: The sensor was operating between 0.13 and 20 GHz at and above of room temperature (25�1)�C. Indirectly, the relaxation time, τ, activation energy, Q and entropy change, ΔS of the hydrogel mixtures are determined based on linear fitting of measured data using Debye and Arrhenius approaches. Conclusion/Recommendations: Two main relaxation processes were found ranging 2-10 and 10-20 GHz, respectively. Dielectric dispersion is suggested to describe by combination of Cole-Davidson (CD) and Debye (Dy) processes. The results are discussed qualitatively based on bound states of water in hydrogel mixtures.

Evaluation of Single-Pass Photovoltaic-Thermal Air Collector with Rectangle Tunnel Absorber
Problem statement: Photovoltaic solar cell generate electric by receiving sun light or solar irradiance. But solar cell received heat from solar irradiance as well and this will reduced the efficiency of the solar cell. The heat trap at the solar photovoltaic panel become waste energy. Approach: The solution for this was by adding a cooling system to the photovoltaic panel. The purpose of this study was to cool the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency and also to produce heat energy in the form of hot air. Hot air can be used for drying applications. A single pass PVT with rectangle tunnel absorber has been developed. The rectangle tunnel acted as an absorber and was located at the back side of a standard photovoltaic panel. The dimension of the photovoltaic panel was 120�53 cm. The size of the rectangle tunnel was 27 units of tunnel bar with the size of 1.2�2.5�120 cm (width�tall�length) and 12 units with 1.2�2.5�105.3 cm (width�tall�length). The rectangle tunnel was connected in parallel. The PVT collector has been tested using a solar simulator. Results: Electrical efficiency increased when the solar cell was cool by air flow. Solar photovoltaic thermal collector with rectangle tunnel absorber has better electrical and thermal efficiency compared to solar collector without rectangle tunnel absorber. Photovoltaic, thermal and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 10.02, 54.70 and 64.72% at solar irradiance of 817.4 W m^-2, mass flow rate of 0.0287 kg sec^-1 at ambiant temperature of 25�C respectively has been obtained. Conclusion: The hybrid photovoltaic and thermal with rectangle tunnel as heat absorber shows higher performance compared to conventional PV/T system.

Anticancer Activities of Styrylpyrone from the Leaves and Twigs of Goniothalamus maewongensis via Cell Cycle Arrest
Problem statement: Goniothalamus maewongensis is one of three new species which are found in Thailand recently. The genus goniothalamus is not only well known for the rich of styrylpyrones but also famous for the potential of biological activities, especially the cytotoxic activity against a number of human cancer cell lines. The phytochemical and biological investigations of this plant are interesting to bioassay-guided fractionation, particularly cell cycle arrest. Approach: The investigation was carried out to extract, isolate, purify and elucidate structure of the active compound from the leaves and twigs of Goniothalamus maewongensis. Both of the solvent extracts and isolated compound were evaluated with kinds of mammalian cancer cell lines, i.e., A549, GLC4, GLC4/Adr, K562 and K562/Adr for antiproliferation assay and cell cycle analysis. Results: Styrylpyrone from the leaves and twigs of Goniothalamus maewongensis was isolated from the active hexane extract. The spectroscopic techniques were provided for success in structure elucidation. In addition, a styrylpyrone compound was the most powerful to biological activities, which this molecular is significantly more toxic to small cell lung cancer than non small cell lung cancer cell (p<0.05). On the other hand, the goniodiol was not recognized by both multidrug resistance protein (ABCC1 and ABCB1). The study of cell cycle arrest explained antiproliferation effect by goniodiol at G2/M arrest in both lung cancer type (A549 and GLC4) and erythroleukemia cell (K562), while cell cycle arrest by goniodiol on both resistant cell lines are positioned on G0/G1 or S-phase. Conclusion: Goniodiol exhibits anti-proliferative on cancer cell line and un-recognized by multidrug resistant protein (ABCB1 and ABCC1).

Camels Milk Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Chronic Aluminum Chloride Exposure in Rats Testes
Problem statement: The present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of camel's milk in alleviating aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rat testes. Approach: White albino male rats (230-250 g) were divided into three groups of 10 rats: A control group, treated with normal saline and two experimental groups, the AlCl₃ treated group and the camel's milk-AlCl₃ treated group. The first experimental group, the AlCl₃ treated group, received 0.5 mg kg^-1 of AlCl₃ orally. The second experimental group was fed 1 mL of fresh camel's milk 10 min prior to the administration of oral AlCl₃. All rats were treated every day for 30 days. Lipid peroxidation, as determined by plasma concentration of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Hydroperoxide (HP) levels and the oxidative stress status, as measured by glutathione (GSH) levels, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, were evaluated in the rat testes. Results: Oral administration of AlCl₃ induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rat testes, which was indicated by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation biomarkers (TBARS and HP) and a significant decrease in the GSH content and SOD and CAT activities. When rats received camel�s milk before being given AlCl₃, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress parameters were restored to normal levels. In the testes from rats fed camel�s milk TBARS and HP levels were significantly reduced and, conversely, GSH content, SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased compared to rats that received only AlCl₃. Conclusion: Treatment with camel's milk prior to AlCl₃ alleviates AlCl₃-associated hazards and protects testicular tissue from AlCl₃ toxicity.

Morphological Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Synchytrium psophocarpi (Rac.) Baumann Associated With False Rust on Winged Bean
Problem statement: Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) is an important tropical legume in countries like Malaysia due to its potential as a high protein value crop. However, bright-orange pustules observed on the veins of young leaves, stems, pods and sepals depict symptoms of false rust disease on beans. The causal agent of this disease has been found to be Synchytrium psophocarpi. Currently, there is no published literature of this or other related species in Malaysia. Thus, there is a very serious lack of knowledge on the taxonomic characterization and pathogenicity of the local fungus. Therefore, there is an important need for this microorganism to be documented. Approach: This study was reported based from samples obtained from infected winged bean plants found in the fields around the University Putra Malaysia campus in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. The morphological characteristics were studied using dark field and scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, pathogenicity test was carried out using two methods which were moist chamber and on Petri dish. Results: The sporangia were spherical to ovoid in shape and approximately 20.69 �m in diameter. The average diameter for spore measured was 2.02 �m and the flagella were 10.75 �m in length. Positive disease development with false rust disease symptoms was observed in both methods of inoculation practiced. It confirmed the pathogenicity of the fungus as the causal pathogen with the appearance of clear disease symptoms. Conclusion: This research finding is the first detailed report for Synchytrium psophocarpi associated with false rust disease of winged bean in Malaysia. It described the morphology, zoospore production and pathogenicity of the causal fungal organism. This information would be very useful for the studies involving this pathogen in future.

Chemical Characteristics of Compost and Humic Acid from Sago Waste (Metroxylon sagu)
Problem statement: Agriculture waste such as Sago Waste (SW) has a potential to cause pollution either on land or in water. In order to reduce this problem, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of three different treatments on the chemical characteristics of compost and humic acid from SW. Approach: The study had three treatments which were: T1: SW (80%) + chicken feed (5%) + chicken dung slurry (5%) + molasses (5%) + urea (5%), T2: SW (80%) + chicken feed (10%) + chicken dung slurry (5%) + molasses (5%) and T3: SW (80%) + chicken feed (10%) + chicken dung slurry (5%) + urea (5%). Composting was done for 60 days in a white polystyrene box with a size of 61.5�49�33.5 cm. The composts were analyzed for pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, organic matter, ash, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), phosphorus and HA using standard procedures. Results: All treatments did not reach thermophilic phase. Compost of T2 had high quality (pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, organic matter, ash, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), phosphorus and HA) compared to T1 and T3. The yield of HA of T2 was also significantly higher compared to those of T1 and T3. The compost characteristics of T1 and T3 were similar. The chemical characteristics of HA the 3 treatments were within the standard range reported by other researchers. Conclusion: T2 is more efficient in producing mature and good quality compost in 60 days compared to T1 and T3.

Performance of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves under Hot Arid Environment: Effects of Immunoglobulins and Age on Diseases and Mortality
Problem statement: A high mortality rate (crude mortality 43.6%) of pre-weaned dairy calves resulted in unavailability of replacement heifers in Kuwait. Dairy producers resorted to import pregnant heifers for herd replacement. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dam vaccination and age, serum Immunoglobulin (Ig) on disease syndromes and mortality in pre-weaned calves. Approach: Late pregnant Holstein Friesian dairy cows and heifers of five commercial dairy operations were divided into two herds: Treatment (T) vaccinated using Lactovac against Rotavirus, Coronavirus and Escherichia coli and Control (C) unvaccinated herds. Total of 1,088 newborn calves of above herds were also divided as T and C for studies from their birth to weaning at 90 days. Calves weighed at birth, fed colostrum, serum proteins and Ig (IgG, IgM and IgA) were determined; disease syndromes, morbidity and mortality rates were investigated. Results: Mean birth weight (34.25�SE 0.21 kg) of calves did not differ significantly (p<0.01) between treatments. Crude mortality rates differed significantly (p<0.01) ranging from 2.83-22.83% in calves among herds. Highly significant differences were observed in Ig classes of blood serum of calves: IgG (F 3.47 p<0.010), IgM (F 3.52 p<0.009) and IgA (F 3.66 p<0.008). The effects of Ig levels on calf morbidity rates were significant (p<0.05) on three disease syndromes: pneumonia, diarrhea and pneumo-enteritis. Vaccination of pregnant dams and oral administration of antibodies to newborn calves reduced calf morbidity and mortality rates. Major disease syndromes were pneumo-enteritis (34.6%) and pneumonia (33.8%). Younger calves were greatly affected by these diseases. Conclusion: Inadequate levels of passive immunity of young calves were commonly found in Kuwait�s farms. This study demonstrated the importance of passive immunity of calves by ensuring adequate levels of serum Ig and protein levels.

Effect of Enhancing Urea-Humic Acid Mixture with Refined Acid Sulphate Soil
Problem statement: Acid Sulphate Soil (ASS) is a problem soil partly because of its high acidity. This low pH could be exploited to reduce ammonia loss from urea by reducing soil microsite pH. The use Humic Acid (HA) to control ammonia loss from urea has been reported but the cost of this material is high. This laboratory study compared the effect of enhancing urea-humic acid mixtures with acid sulphate soil on NH₃ loss, pH, exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate contents. Approach: Humic acid, acid sulfate soil and soil used in the incubation study were analyzed for selected soil physical-chemical properties using standard procedures. Urea-HA-ASS mixtures were prepared and ammonia volatilization of the mixtures was evaluated by the closed-dynamic air flow system. The treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Standard procedures were used to determine ammonia loss, soil pH, exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate at 22 days of incubation. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan�s test using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.2. Results: Urea amended with 0.75 g ASS significantly reduced ammonia volatilization. Although the use of appropriate amount of acid sulphate soil to control ammonia loss is possible, excessive use of this material is not recommended because of Fe in it. Conclusion: Urea amended with 0.75 g ASS reduced ammonia.

Facial Features for Template Matching Based Face Recognition
Problem statement: Template matching had been a conventional method for object detection especially facial features detection at the early stage of face recognition research. The appearance of moustache and beard had affected the performance of features detection and face recognition system since ages ago. Approach: The proposed algorithm aimed to reduce the effect of beard and moustache for facial features detection and introduce facial features based template matching as the classification method. An automated algorithm for face recognition system based on detected facial features, iris and mouth had been developed. First, the face region was located using skin color information. Next, the algorithm computed the costs for each pair of iris candidates from intensity valleys as references for iris selection. As for mouth detection, color space method was used to allocate lips region, image processing methods to eliminate unwanted noises and corner detection technique to refine the exact location of mouth. Finally, template matching was used to classify faces based on the extracted features. Results: The proposed method had shown a better features detection rate (iris = 93.06%, mouth = 95.83%) than conventional method. Template matching had achieved a recognition rate of 86.11% with acceptable processing time (0.36 sec). Conclusion: The results indicate that the elimination of moustache and beard has not affected the performance of facial features detection. The proposed features based template matching has significantly improved the processing time of this method in face recognition research.

The Effect of Buoyancy Force in Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Two-Dimensional Continuous Ohmic Heating Process
Problem statement: Earlier research on ohmic heating technique focused on viscous food and foods containing solid particles. In this study, use of ohmic heating on sterilization of guava juice is carried out. Computational fluid dynamics was used to model and simulate the system. Investigate the buoyancy effect on the CFD simulation of continuous ohmic heating systems of fluid foods. Approach: A two-dimensional model describing the flow, temperature and electric field distribution of non-Newtonian power law guava juice fluid in a cylindrical continuous ohmic heating cell was developed. The electrical conductivity, thermo physical and rheological properties of the fluid was temperature dependent. Numerical simulation was carried out using FLUENT 6.1 software package. A user defined functions available in FLUENT 6.1 was employed for the electric field equation. The heating cell used consisted of a cylindrical tube of diameter 0.05 m, height 0.50 m and having three collinear electrodes of 0.02 m width separated by a distance of 0.22 m. The sample was subjected to zero voltage at the top and bottom of electrodes while electrical potential of 90 volts (AC 50-60 Hz) was set at the middle electrode. The inlet velocity is 0.003 m sec^-1 and the temperature is in the range of 30-90�C. Results: Simulation was carried with and without buoyancy driven force effect. The ohmic heating was successfully simulated using CFD and the results showed that the buoyancy had a strong effect in temperature profiles and flow pattern of the collinear electrodes configuration ohmic heating. A more uniform velocity and temperature profiles were obtained with the buoyancy effect included. Conclusion: For accurate results, the inclusion of buoyancy effect into the CFD simulation is important.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver/Clay Nanocomposites by Chemical Reduction Method
Problem statement: Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been synthesized by using chemical reduction method into the interlayer space of a Montmorillonite (MMT) as a solid support which is used to antibacterial application and polymer nanocomposites for fabrication of medical devices. Approach: AgNO₃ and NaBH₄ were used as a silver precursor and reducing agent, respectively. The properties of Ag/MMT nanocomposites were studied as a function of the AgNO₃ concentration. The crystalline structure, d-spacing of interlayer of MMT, the size distributions and surface plasmon resonance of synthesized Ag-NPs were characterized using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. Results: The results obtained from UV-vis spectroscopy of synthesized Ag-NPs showed that the intensity of the maximum wavelength of the plasmon peaks were increased with the increasing in the AgNO3 concentration. The obtained information from UV-vis spectra of Ag-NPs was in an excellent agreement with the obtained microstructures studies performed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and their size distributions. The prepared Ag/MMT nanocomposites are very stable over a long period of time in aqueous solution. Conclusion: The synthesized Ag/MMT nanocomposites are very stable in aqueous solution over a long period of time without any sign of precipitation. Silver nanoparticles in MMT suspension could be suitable to use antibacterial applications, since MMT is viewed as ecologically and environmentally inert material and used for biological application such as cosmetics and pharmaceutical usage.

Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPM P3 from Oil Palm Rhizosphere
Problem statement: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been used in agriculture as biological agents. It has shown substantial control of a variety of soil-borne plant pathogens including Macrophomina phaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum truncatum, Pythium, Fusarium and others. Species aggregate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain UPM P3 was shown to have potential as a biocontrol agent against Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of Basal Stem Rot (BSR) of oil palm. However, P. aeruginosa is also an opportunistic pathogen. It typically infects the pulmonary tract, urinary tract, burns, wounds and also causes other blood infections. The objective of this study was to carry out DNA fingerprinting for strain differentiation to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic forms of P. aeruginosa strain UPM P3. Approach: Genotype characterization was carried out by amplification of the recA gene using specific primers, purified using QIA Quick PCR purification Kit and sent for sequencing. Multiple sequence alignments were performed on the selected closely related sequence accessions using CLUSTAL W software. The recA gene was used for phylogenetic and PCR-RFLP studies. Results: From the phylogenetic tree, UPM P3 has more than 90% similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains: PAM7, PAO1, UCBPP-PA14 and PA7. UPM P3 was further digested with restriction enzymes; PvuII, BsrI, ZraI, FokI and SgrAI. RFLP results showed that strain UPM P3 has close similarity with strain PAO1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: Strain PAO1 is commonly associated with strains of medical, human or plant pathogens and agricultural environment. Common habitats include soil, hosts, aquatic environment and wastewater and also a common contaminant of public places. Thus the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain UPMP3 as a biological control candidate in agriculture has to be monitored.

Knowledge of the Most-at-Risk Populations about Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention
Problem statement: In this study we tried to assess the knowledge of general population (15-45 years), injecting drug users, female sex workers, MSM and male prisoners about HIV prevention in Iran. Approach: Respondents are asked the following set of prompted questions: (a) Can we reduce the risk of HIV transmission by having sex with only one uninfected partner who has no other partners? (b) Can we reduce the risk of getting HIV by using a condom every time we have sex? (c) Can have HIV a healthy-looking person? (d) Can a person get HIV by sharing food with someone who is infected? (e) Can a person get HIV from mosquito bits? Results: In this study at compared with the resent studies we saw that, the general knowledge on the effect of consistent and correct use of condom as means of HIV prevention has been increased. There is a decrease in the number of the youth that assume sting of a mosquito can transmit HIV. There were no remarkable change in the perception of the thought that HIV is not transmitted through eating and the possibility of people living with HIV are safe. Conclusion: The current meta-analysis indicated that the awareness on the positive effect of condomization on HIV prevention has increased in recent years, but it is still far from being satisfactory and other basic knowledge about HIV has not improved and there is still a substantial gap with the desired figures.

A Bound Test Approach to Cointegration of Tourism Demand
Problem statement: Given the high contribution of tourism industry in the Malaysian economy, Malaysia has a vast view to increase its market share of the international tourist arrivals in the Asia Pacific region. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the long run and short run demand for tourism from top ten markets (country). Approach: To accomplish this objective the ARDL bound test approach to cointegration was carried out for quarterly time series data from 1998:Q1 to 2007: Q3. A three-stage procedure followed to test the direction of causality. In the first stage the order of integration was tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) unit root tests. The second stage involved testing for the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between arrivals, income, tourism price, tourism substitute price and travel cost. The third stage involved constructing standard Granger-type causality tests augmented with a lagged error-correction term where the series were cointegrated. Results: The result of ADF and PP unit root tests confirmed that all variables were stationary at first difference. In addition the results indicated that a long run relationship and between variables. Conclusion: The results indicated that tourists from these ten countries seem to be highly sensitive to the price and the alternative destinations are complementary to Malaysia. In addition the results showed that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2003) had a negative affects significantly affected Malaysia�s tourism demand.

Stock Market Development and Economic Growth
Problem statement: This study investigated the causal relationship between stock market development and economic growth for France for the period 1965-2007 using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Questions were raised whether stock market development causes economic growth or reversely taking into account the negative effect of interest rate. Stock market development is estimated by the general stock market index. The objective of this study was to examine the causal relationships between these variables using Granger causality tests based on a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Approach: To achieve this objective unit root tests were carried out for all time series data in their levels and their first differences. Johansen co-integration analysis was applied to examine whether the variables are co-integrated of the same order taking into account the maximum eigenvalues and trace statistics tests. A vector error correction model was selected to investigate the long-run relationship between stock market development and economic growth. Finally, Granger causality test was applied in order to find the direction of causality between the examined variables of the estimated model. Results: A short-run increase economic growth of per 1% leaded to an increase of stock market index per 0.24% in France, while an increase of interest rate per 1% leaded to a decrease of stock market index per 0.64% in France. The estimated coefficient of error correction term found statistically significant with a negative sign, which confirmed that there was not any problem in the long-run equilibrium between the examined variables. The results of Granger causality tests indicated that economic growth causes stock market development in France. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be inferred that economic growth has a positive effect on stock market development, while interest rate has a negative effect on stock market development in France.

Solving Square Jigsaw Puzzles Using Dynamic Programming and the Hungarian Procedure
Problem statement: To design, implement, and test an algorithm for solving the square jigsaw puzzle problem, which has many applications in image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision such as restoration of archeological artifacts and image descrambling. Approach: The algorithm used the gray level profiles of border pixels for local matching of the puzzle pieces, which was performed using dynamic programming to facilitate non-rigid alignment of pixels of two gray level profiles. Unlike the classical best-first search, the algorithm simultaneously located the neighbors of a puzzle piece during the search using the well-known Hungarian procedure, which is an optimal assignment procedure. To improve the search for a global solution, every puzzle piece was considered as starting piece at various starting locations. Results: Experiments using four well-known images demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach over the classical piece-by-piece matching approach. The performance evaluation was based on a new precision performance measure. For all four test images, the proposed algorithm achieved 100% precision rate for puzzles up to 8�8. Conclusion: The proposed search mechanism based on simultaneous allocation of puzzle pieces using the Hungarian procedure provided better performance than piece-by-piece used in classical methods.

From Feature Selection to Building of Bayesian Classifiers: A Network Intrusion Detection Perspective
Problem statement: Implementing a single or multiple classifiers that involve a Bayesian Network (BN) is a rising research interest in network intrusion detection domain. Approach: However, little attention has been given to evaluate the performance of BN classifiers before they could be implemented in a real system. In this research, we proposed a novel approach to select important features by utilizing two selected feature selection algorithms utilizing filter approach. Results: The selected features were further validated by domain experts where extra features were added into the final proposed feature set. We then constructed three types of BN namely, Naive Bayes Classifiers (NBC), Learned BN and Expert-elicited BN by utilizing a standard network intrusion dataset. The performance of each classifier was recorded. We found that there was no difference in overall performance of the BNs and therefore, concluded that the BNs performed equivalently well in detecting network attacks. Conclusion/Recommendations: The results of the study indicated that the BN built using the proposed feature set has less features but the performance was comparable to BNs built using other feature sets generated by the two algorithms.

Modeling of Biological Processes by Using Membrane Computing Formalism
Problem statement: Membrane computing has structural resemblance with the cell structure. This characteristic provides the versatility in the modeling of biological processes. Approach: This study was carried to discuss the membrane computing formalism in modeling biological processes by analyzing two examples: Photosynthesis in chloroplast and Sodium-Potassium exchange pump. Results: The modeling of these two examples showed membrane computing formalism has the capability to capture the fundamental features and elements of biological processes. Conclusion: There are flexibilities and advantages in modeling biological processes with membrane computing but its formalism need further expansion to accommodate complex biological processes.

Influence of Chemical Properties on Soil Carbon Storage of a Tropical Peat Swamp Forest
Problem statement: It is important to investigate the seriousness of degradation of peat swamp forest caused by skidding system in terms of its function as a carbon sink. In this study, we formulated assumptions that conditions of our research site before the introduction of skidding system were in their natural states, thus that changes measured are clearly caused by skidding system. The objective of this study was to determine soil carbon storage of a tropical peat swamp forest in their natural state. Approach: Peat soil samples and bulk density were taken at 0-15 cm in a 0.3 ha plot at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The soil samples were analyzed for acidity, organic matter content, total carbon and total nitrogen. The humic acid extraction was also done and soil carbon storage values obtained by calculation. The calculation of carbon storage was by the bulk density method. Correlation analysis was used where applicable using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.1. Results: The results indicated that this tropical peat swamp forest rich in soil organic matter (97.645 %) but had extreme acidic environment (pH 3.737), thereby inhibiting organic matter decomposition rates. This tropical peat swamp forest also had large amounts of total carbon (48.823 %), low mineral nitrogen (0.896 %) and high C/N ratio (58.427). Stable carbon (soil carbon storage) positively correlated with unstable carbon (p<0.01, r = 0.43). The value of soil carbon storage was found to be 67.550 Mg Ha^-1 (�61.49 % of unstable carbon). Furthermore, soil carbon storage positively correlated with soil organic matter (p<0.01, r = 0.43), total carbon (p<0.01, r = 0.43) and humic acid yield (p<0.01, r = 1.00). However, soil carbon storage negatively correlated with soil acidity (p<0.01, r = -0.55). Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that the tropical peat swamp forest indicates its specific natural state. This natural tropical peat swamp forest plays an important role as a sink rather than a source of carbon. The soil carbon storage in this natural tropical peat swamp forest was derived from unstable carbon and sensitive to soil acidity.

The Impact of Air Exchange Effectiveness on Thermal Comfort in an Air-Conditioned Office
Problem statement: Impact of air exchange effectiveness on thermal comfort has not been investigated and, therefore, not well understood .Therefore, the influence of air exchange effectiveness on thermal comfort is investigated in this study. Approach: The main objective of this research is to investigate the thermal comfort level of an air-conditioned office room under 14 windows-door opening arrangements as a function of maximum, minimum and mean Air Exchange Effectiveness (AEE), as has not been inquired into already. The tracer gas decay method has been applied during the experimental procedures to estimate air exchange effectiveness, on the basis of room average and local mean age of air. Simultaneously, thermal comfort variables were measured and through these data, the thermal comforts Fanger's indices (PMV and PPD) were calculated. Staff answered a survey on their sensation of the indoor climate. Results: Results of 60 survey responses to thermal comfort questions in office and indoor air quality are presented. This study has shown that there are relationship between AEE and thermal comfort and three linear regression equations of PMV versus AEE can be derived for this air-conditioned office. Conclusion: Studies on the effect of air exchange effectiveness on thermal comfort in an office have shown that Thermal comfort is influenced by AEE, which go beyond the six factors which have been taken into account in PMV modeling.

Genetic Distance and Heterosis through Evaluation Index in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.)
Problem statement: Synthesis of new-gene combinations by genetic manipulation is one of the powerful tools in exploiting the commercial qualities of plants and animals. Hybrid performance is evaluated from extensive yield trials that are costly and time consuming. Approach: Four silkworm races belonging to two different voltine groups (two multivoltine races namely Pure Mysore and Nistari and two bivoltine races namely C₁₀₈ and NB₄D₂) and the twelve regular and reciprocal hybrids derived from them were reared under standard laboratory condition analyzing six quantitative traits namely cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length, denier and renditta. The data of the pure races was analysed for the estimation of evaluation index to study the genetic divergence between the races, where as evaluation index, heterosis and overdominance effects were studied in twelve hybrid combinations. Results: Varied heterotic effects were observed for different traits for hybrid combination. Cocoon weight and shell weight has maximum heterosis over the mid parent in Pure Mysore � Nistari (27 and 42% respectively), whereas C₁₀₈ � Nistari have shown maximum shell ratio (30%) among the hybrids. The maximum filament length for heterosis was observed in the Nistari � Pure Mysore. Heterosis for cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, filament length, denier and renditta based on evaluation index confirmed the above results. Conclusion: The investigation indicates that optimum level of genetic divergence between parents is necessary to obtain heterosis in F₁ generation.

The Effect of Bone Properties due to Skeletal Diseases on Stability of Cementless Hip Stems
Problem statement: There are two types of implant fixation in hip joint replacement-cemented and cementless. The cemented types are, in general, more popular due to concerns of possible inability of cementless implants achieving maximum primary stability for bone integration. The concern is more significant in cases where there are major losses of cancellous bone stock and thinning of the trabeculae due to osteoporosis. Approach: Three Computed Tomography (CT) images of human hip joints were obtained from a hospital. The first patient showed osteoporotic condition based on DEXA scan of the bone. The second was registered for total hip replacement due to significant deterioration of the cartilage covering the bone ends. The third dataset was from a patient with no reported skeletal diseases and was used as control. Three dimensional models of the femora were reconstructed from the CT images and hip arthroplasty using cementless stem was simulated. Finite element method was used to analyze the stability of the implant through a specialized algorithm to measure micromotion at the bone-implant interface. Bone properties were assigned on an element-by element basis and loads simulating stair climbing were used. Results: Hip stems fixed in the control and osteoarthritic femoral model showed minimum interface micromotion. For the osteoporotic bone there is a progressive reduction in surface area feasible for bone in growth. Conclusion/Recommendations: Bone quality affects the stability of femoral components used in hip replacement and therefore the bone-implant integration potential. Cementless hip stem should not be used in patients with osteoporotic condition as the deterioration of bone tissues lead to an increase in interface micromotion.

Investigation the Substitution Capability of Oilseeds in Cropping Pattern
Problem statement: Farm activity is a risky activity special in less developed countries, so all decisions and activities are affected by this phenomenon. Consideration of risk either helps to elimination of deviations in result of model or preparing tools for evolution of some policies that the aim of them is reducing the risk for farmers. Oil seed are the second resource of food store in the world. Also, Iran is depending on oil import and going out of much exchange to provide oil and scum of that annually. Because of this matter, agriculture sector need plants that are adjust to climate of Iran and have a lot of oil, that canola is the best one. Approach: In this study, capability of substitution oilseeds in cropping pattern was considered; optimum cultivated pattern of important crops that have most cultivated area of canola in Khorasan Province is considered. Linear programming and risk-programming models such as MOTAD and quadratic programming were compared. Results: Models suggest increasing the cultivated area of oilseeds crop. Conclusion: Increasing the cultivated area of canola cause to the pattern cultivating of farmers improve and inputs will used in better way, too. Increasing the cultivated area, it is a movement toward self sufficient in oil seed production that will accompany with noticeable thrift in foreign exchange.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Tropical Rain Forest
Problem statement: Sensing, mapping and monitoring the rain forest in forested regions of the world, particularly the tropics, has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years as deforestation and forest degradation account for up to 30% of anthropogenic carbon emissions and are now included in climate change negotiations. Approach: We reviewed the potential for air and spaceborne hyperspectral sensing to identify and map individual tree species measure carbon stocks, specifically Aboveground Biomass (AGB) and provide an overview of a range of approaches that have been developed and used to map tropical rain forest across a diverse set of conditions and geographic areas. We provided a summary of air and spaceborne hyperspectral remote sensing measurements relevant to mapping the tropical forest and assess the relative merits and limitations of each. We then provided an overview of modern techniques of mapping the tropical forest based on species discrimination, leaf chlorophyll content, estimating aboveground forest productivity and monitoring forest health. Results: The challenges in hyperspectral Imaging of tropical forests is thrown out to researchers in such field as to come with the latest techniques of image processing and improved mapping resolution leading towards higher precision mapping accuracy. Some research results from an airborne hyperspectral imaging over Bukit Nanas forest reserve was shared implicating high potential of such very high resolution imaging techniques for tropical mixed dipterocarp forest inventory and mapping for species discrimination, aboveground forest productivity, leaf chlorophyll content and carbon mapping. Conclusion/Recommendations: We concluded that while spaceborne hyperspectral remote sensing has often been discounted as inadequate for the task, attempts to map with airborne sensors are still insufficient in tropical developing countries like Malaysia. However, we demonstrated this with a case study focused on a mixed hill dipterocarp forest in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and discuss the work in the context of reducing uncertainty for carbon monitoring and markets.

Machinery Compaction Effects on Physical Properties of Bernam Series in an Oil Palm Plantation
Problem statement: Introduction of mechanisation in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations could result in soil compaction and cause soil degradation. This could be a serious problem in the future due to increase in size, weight and transportation frequency of machines used. Objectives: This trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of different trailer weights and transportation frequencies on the soil physical properties of Bernam series soil. Approach: The treatments were a combination of three trailer weights and four transportation frequencies. At the end of 6 years of the experiment, soil samples were taken for soil physical properties characterisation at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Results: After six years of soil compaction treatments, the results showed that the mean soil bulk density increased and the porosity decreased annually. However, the mean soil bulk density was still less than 1.0 g cm^-3. The mean soil bulk density decreased with increasing soil depth, but porosity and available water increased with soil depth. The 3 rounds per month transportation frequency for all trailer weights and 2 rounds per month for the 4 tonnes trailer weight significantly affected the soil physical properties. Conclusion: Generally, the results indicated that the 6 years of compaction treatments did not cause serious soil compaction that could alter the soil physical properties for this particular soil type.

Evaluation of Some Organic Pollutants Transport into the Shallow Groundwater and Surface Water of Jiaxing Landfill Area
Problem statement: Hangjiahu regions belong to the Yangtze River Delta region in Zhejiang Province in China. The vast majority of this region is flat, so surface and groundwater both have a low flow rate. With the rapid economic development of the area, a large number of industrial and domestic garbage are generated. These landfill or garbage are exposed and stacked. Because of mismanagement of environment, the atmosphere under the leaching rainfall, results in harmful gases and leachate. A serious pollution of the atmosphere surrounding the dump, soil, surface water and groundwater occurred. By studying the area under different hydro geological conditions this groundwater pollution due to the landfill can be stopped and prevented. This research can also provide a scientific basis. Approach: Some samples were taken to some specific sampling points in order to do chemical analysis. A hydro geological investigation was done on the study area. By using all these data, groundwater pollution was evaluated and predicted through numerical simulation software: Groundwater Modeling System (GMS), from 2006-2007. Results: A total of six main organic pollutants were found in the entire study area including: toluene, dichloropropane, benzene, dichloroethane, chloroform and dichloromethane. There concentration increased form 2006 to 2007 and is higher in surface water than groundwater. Conclusion/Recommendations: Experimental and simulation results were compared and showed that close agreement between these two values were obtained. The application of ecological methods to remove harmful substances such as the cultivation of suitable plants is also necessary.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from Al-Khadoud Spring, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
Problem statement: Al-Khadoud Spring is one of the largest spring in Al-Hassa governorate (Saudi Arabia). Due to the extended domestic activities and urbanization as well as the continuous industrial and agricultural growth of the region, spring water quality is potentially changing. Approach: This study was conducted to measure toxic heavy metal concentrations in water and fish samples along the spring channel. Filtered spring water and tissues (liver and muscle) of captured fish were analyzed for heavy metals in an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with a Varian Model. Results: The concentrations of metals in water were found in the following order: Fe²⁺>Zn²⁺>Cu²⁺ >Pb²⁺>Mn²⁺>Cd²⁺. The levels of heavy metals recorded in water in this study were generally low, when compared to WHO and USEPA recommended levels in water, except iron which was found to be higher than the recommended levels. In fish samples collected from the polluted spring, metal levels were significantly higher than the levels in water, indicating bioaccumulation. The highest levels of metals were generally reported in fish liver than muscle. Hepatic metal levels were ranked as follow: Zn²⁺>Cu²⁺>Pb²⁺>Cd²⁺. Conclusion: The present results showed that, the fishes, based on the higher levels of metal bioaccumulation, could be unsafe for human consumption. Consequently, very close monitoring of heavy metal loads in Al-Khadoud spring is recommended in view of the possible risks to health of consumers.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver/Clay/Chitosan Bionanocomposites by UV-Irradiation Method
Problem statement: Silver/Montmorillonite/Chitosan Bionanocomposites (Ag/MMT/Cts BNCs) have been synthesized by UV-irradiation reduction method in the absence of any reducing agent or heat treatment which is used to antibacterial application and medical devices. Approach: MMT, Chitosan and AgNO₃ were used as a solid support, stabilizer and silver precursor, respectively. The properties of Ag/MMT/Cts BNCs were studied as a function of UV-irradiation times. The crystalline structure, d-spacing of interlayer of MMT, the size distributions and surface plasmon resonance of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were characterized using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The functional groups of prepared BNCs were also determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Results: The results obtained from UV-vis spectroscopy of synthesized Ag-NPs showed that the intensity of the maximum wavelength of the plasmon peaks were increased with the increasing in the UV-irradiation times. Results from UV-visible spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) microphotographs show that particles size of Ag-NPs decrease with the increase of UV-irradiation time. Conclusion: UV-irradiation disintegrated the Ag-NPs into smaller size until a relatively stable size and size distribution were achieved. Ag/MMT/Cts BNCs could be suitable to antimicrobial applications and medical devices.

Food-Related Lifestyle Segments in Taiwan: Application of the Food-Related Lifestyle Instrument
Problem statement: This study applied the Food-Related Lifestyle (FRL) instrument for market segmentation in the Taiwan food sector. FRL instrument was originally developed by the Market-Based Product and Process Development in Danish (MAPP) research group, the instrument was adjusted for the Chinese food culture. The FRL instrument is wildly applied to empirical market analysis, especially in European nations. Its reliability and validity are also empirically proven. The present study serves as the first attempt to employ the FRL instrument to explore food-related lifestyle segments in Taiwan. Approach: A short questionnaire was issued to 650 Taiwanese consumers using quota sampling procedures and 565 valid responses were collected. Using the two-step cluster analysis, four distinct food-related consumer lifestyle segments were identified. Results: The four segments includes: traditional consumers (23.54%), adventurous consumers (27.61%), uninvolved consumers (24.07%) and astute consumers (24.78%). Conclusion/Recommendations: Comparison showed that these segments differ in their attitudes and behaviors towards food consumption. Profiles of the segments are achieved by observing the socio-demographic characteristics of typical segment members.

Fabrication of Single Layer SiO2 and Si3N4 as Antireflection Coating on Silicon Solar Cell Using Silvaco Software
The main objectives was to investigate and enhance the short circuit current density, Jsc and also to improve the efficiency of silicon solar cell by fabricating a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) coatings on silicon solar cell. This fabrication carried out on high temperature during annealing process from 800-1050�C and variable thickness of antireflection coating (ARC) layer from 50-90 nm thick. The photovoltaic properties of Si3N4 layer have been compared with SiO₂ layer to determine which material is suitable in fabricating single layer ARC. Solar cell simulation could be useful for time saving and cost consumption. Problem statement: The Silvaco software is not widely used in designing the 2D solar cell devices because there are lots of 1D, 2D and 3D-simulation beside Silvaco software such as MicroTec, SCAPS-1D. Approach: The silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) coating have been modeled and fabricated on silicon solar cell by using Silvaco software packaging. Results: For SiO₂ results, the FF value is approximately 0.758 and n maximum 9.43%. In annealing process, the temperature becomes higher resulted increasing of pn junction depth. However, not to Voc and Jsc values, both parameters were slowly decreased when temperature increased. Meanwhile, when the thickness of SiO₂ layer is increased, the parameters of pn junction depth, Jsc, Voc, FF and n were decreased slowly. As for Si₃N₄ result, the calculated FF approximately 0.758 and n maximum is 9.57%. During annealing process, the temperature increasing constantly follows the increasing of pn junction depth and Jsc, meanwhile the Voc is decreased slowly. In variable Si₃N₄ thickness simulation, the output parameters of pn junction depth, Jsc, Voc, FF and n were decreased when the thickness increased 10 nm each simulation. Conclusion: The optimum temperature during annealing process for SiO₂ is 950�C, while for Si₃N₄ is 1050�C. For the thickness analysis, the optimum ARC thickness for SiO₂ and Si₃N₄ layer is 50 nm both.

Helicobacter pylori Colonization in Biopsies of the Adenotonsillectomy Specimens
Problem statement: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a microaerophilic, gram negative bacillus, which can cause peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Recurrent infection with this agent is considered as one of the reasons for failure of peptic ulcer treatment. Some studies have reported colonization of H. pylori in dental plaques, tonsils and adenoid tissues. Therefore oral cavity could be the source of H. pylori and it might be the reason for unsuccessful eradication. Approach: In this cross sectional study, 95 patients with the average age of 12.1�7.5 years undergoing adenotonsillectomy were chosen consecutively. Intra-operatively a 2 mm section of the tonsils were removed and investigated for H. pylori by Rapid Urease Test (RUT). Post-operatively the removed tonsils were stained by hematoxylin-eosin (H and E) and Gimsa for direct investigation of H. pylori bacterium. Serum samples of the patients were also tested for the presence of H. pylori IgG antibody. Results: Overall 70 patients (73.7%) had positive anti- H. pylori IgG antibody in their sera. The results of RUT on adeno-tonsils showed that 42.1% of the specimens were positive for H. pylori. In histology examination, 9 patients (9.5%) were positive for the presence of bacterium. Conclusion: Based on our findings it seems that tonsils and adenoid tissues are the candidate places for the growth of H. pylori. Further studies about the role of tonsillar colonization of H. pylori in re-infection after treatment are recommended.

Memoryless Modified Symmetric Rank-One Method for Large-Scale Unconstrained Optimization
Problem statement: Memoryless QN methods have been regarded effective techniques for solving large-scale problems that can be considered as one step limited memory QN methods. In this study, we present a scaled memoryless modified Symmetric Rank-One (SR1) algorithm and investigate the numerical performance of the proposed algorithm for solving large-scale unconstrained optimization problems. Approach: The basic idea is to apply the modified Quasi-Newton (QN) equations, which uses both the gradients and the function values in two successive points in the frame of the scaled memoryless SR1 update, in which the modified SR1 update is reset, at every iteration, to the positive multiple of the identity matrix. The scaling of the identity is chosen such that the positive definiteness of the memoryless modified SR1 update is preserved. Results: Under some suitable conditions, the global convergence and rate of convergence are established. Computational results, for a test set consisting of 73 unconstrained optimization problems, show that the proposed algorithm is very encouraging. Conclusion/Recommendations: In this study a memoryless QN method developed for solving large-scale unconstrained optimization problems, in which the SR1 update based on the modified QN equation have applied. An important feature of the proposed method is that it preserves positive definiteness of the updates. The presented method owns global and R-linear convergence. Numerical results showed that the proposed method is encouraging comparing with the methods MMBFGS and FRCG.

Lot-Sizing Decisions under Trade Credit Depending on the Ordering Quantity in Fuzzy Annual Demand
Problem statement: In reality, there are of various products such as liquids, volatile, medicines and materials, in which the rate of deterioration is very large. However, little attention has been mentioned what the effects of deterioration occur in most inventory systems. Also, the loss of the deterioration should not be neglected as an important issue. Approach: In this study, we proposed the problem of determining the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for exponentially deteriorating items under the conditions of permissible delay in payments. Recent researches revealed that the payment for the product must be made forthwith when the order quantity is less than the allowable delay in payments. The fixed trade credit period was permitted, or else. Therefore, we utilized the fuzzy theory to implement more considerable answers via numerical examples which were provided to illustrate the results clearly at the end of study. Results: This study discussed the optimal replenishment cycle time for an exponentially deteriorating product under conditions of permissible delay in payments to take the order quantity into account. Conclusion/Recommendations: This study presented another fuzzy environment inventory model which accounts for the permissible delay in payments offered by supplier to the retailer. From the results, it can be concluded that another point of view to decision makers in uncertainty.

A Novel Morphological Method for Detection and Recognition of Vehicle License Plates
Problem statement: License plate detection and recognition is an image-processing technique used to identify a vehicle by its license plate. This notable technology has got multiple applications in various traffic and security cases. To name but a few, toll roads, border control, security and car tracking are same of its applications. The main stage is the isolation of the license plate, from the digital image of the car obtained by a digital camera under different circumstances such as illumination, slop, distance and angle. Approach: This study presented a novel method of identifying and recognizing license plates based on the morphology and template matching. The algorithm started with preprocessing and signal conditioning. Next license plate is localized using morphological operators. Then a template matching scheme will be used to recognize the digits and characters within the plate. Results: The system was tested on Iranian car plate images and the performance was 97.3% of correct plates identification and localization and 92% of correct recognized characters. The results regarding the complexity of the problem and diversity of the test cases showed the high accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. The method could also be applicable for other applications in the transport information systems, where automatic recognition of registration plates, shields, signs and so on is often necessary. Conclusion: This system was customized for the identification of Iranian license plates. The results showed that this algorithm performs well on different types of vehicles including Iranian car and motorcycle plates as well as diverse circumstances. We believe that this system can be redesigned and tested for multi national car license plates in the future time regarding their own attributes.

Dose Response and Optical Properties of Dyed Poly Vinyl Alcohol-Trichloroacetic Acid Polymeric Blends Irradiated with Gamma-Rays
Problem statement: The effects of gamma irradiation on optical properties of cresol-red dyed Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) blended with Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) for possible use in dosimetry and measurement of radiation dose in gamma rays have been studied using both Raman spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectrophotometer method. Approach: The dosimeters are composed of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) at various concentrations are 20, 25, 30 and 35%, and acid-base indicator cresol-red dyed. Results: The dosimeters were irradiated to doses up 12 kGy using ⁶⁰Co gamma ray source at a constant dose rate. The polymeric films undergo color change from purple to yellow due to radiation-induced acid formation. The molecular vibrational spectra were measured using Raman spectroscopy, resulting in a decrease of the Raman intensity inelastic scattering of C-Cl molecular stretching from TCA with increasing dose. The absorption spectra were measured using UV-visible spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 350-700 nm, resulting in a decrease of the absorbance at 575 nm band peak with increasing dose. The dose sensitivity D₀ increases with increasing TCA concentration for both scattering and absorption methods. The optical absorption studies show that the direct and indirect optical energy band gaps and optical activation energies are dependent on dose and TCA concentration. Conclusion: The shift in the optical band gap E_g values towards lower energy with radiation dose leads to a shift of the optical activation energy DeltaE value towards the lower energy region with increasing dose. The optical band gap (E_g) and the absorption edge decrease with increasing dose attributed to the structural disorder of polymer blends due to dehydrochlorination of trichloroacetic acid with increasing dose. The energy width of the tail of localized state in the forbidden band gap was evaluated using the Urbach-edges method. It was found that the activation energy (DeltaE) is less dependent of radiation dose but strongly dependent on concentration of blends.

Relationship between Nickel Exposure and the Level of Carcinoembryonic Antigen among Welders in an Automotive Plant
Problem statement: This study on the effect of nickel exposure in the occupational setting and its association to Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) had been studied before. Questions were raised whether the result from previous study would also show the same pattern of the urinary nickel concentration in this study. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the association between urine nickel concentration and CEA level among welders in automotive part workers in Malaysia. Approach: There were 56 welders and 44 administrative workers were recruited in this study. Urine and blood samples were collected at the end of shift towards the end of workweek. CEA was assayed in serum using TECO Diagnostic ELISA Kit. Urinary nickel was determined by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: The mean carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations of the exposed group (4.07�2.60 ng mL^-1) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the control group (1.99�0.97 ng mL^-1). Twenty seven percent of the exposed group showed values above the reference range. The mean urinary nickel level was also significantly higher (p<0.001) in the exposed group (1.99�0.91 mg L^-1) than the control group. Result showed correlation between serum carcinoembryonic antigen concentration and urinary nickel concentration (r = 0.206). Conclusion: The significant elevation of urinary nickel levels in the welders compared with controls suggests that the welders were exposed to nickel fumes during welding. It is suggested that elevation of serum carcinoembryonic antigen was due to exposure to nickel during welding processes after controlling other confounding factors.

Cryptic Mantle Metasomatism: Evidences from Spinel Lherzolite Xenoliths/Al-Harida Volcano in Harrat Al-Shaam, Jordan
Problem statement: Al-Harida volcano is located in the Jordanian parts of the Harrat Al-Shaam plateau and contains considerable amounts of mantle xenoliths within its pyroclastic successions. Approach: These xenoliths are reported for the first time for this area. Mineralogical investigations show that they are composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, spinel and phlogopite. Results: The xenoliths range in size from 5-30 cm with an average of 10 cm. They are classified as Type I and belong to the Cr-diopside group and are characterized by high contents of MgO, Cr and Ni. The occurrence of hydrous mineral phases and the enrichment of incompatible elements such as Sr, Rb and Ba indicate a considerable mantle metasomatism. Conclusion/Recommendations: Thermobarometry of the studied xenoliths indicates a temperature ranging from 960-1040�C and pressure ranging from 11-13 Kbar which corresponds to a depth of origin of about 43 km.