Latest Articles Rss

Effect of L-Leucine Supplementation on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Grower-Broiler Chickens Fed Low Protein Diets

Problem statement: Supplementation of broiler diets with cristalline amino acids (i.e. lysine, ethionine and threonine) may support equal broiler growth and improve overall amino acids balance and enable a reduction in CP level of diets. Approach: A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental L-leucine in diets containing recommended levels and low crude protein (20 and 18%, respectively) with constant metabolizable energy (3200 kcal kg^-1) for broilers from 21-42 day of age. Six experimental diets were formulated with three levels of supplemental L-leucine, 0, 0.5 and 0.67% and two levels of crude protein. A total of 180 1 day-old Cobb broiler chickens were randomly divided into 36 experimental pens, 5 chickens in each pen, with each diet replicated 6 times. The dietary treatments were offered from 21-42 days of age. Feed intake, body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured on a weekly basis. At the end of the feeding trial the birds were slaughtered and carcass analyses conducted. Results: Feed intake, weight gain and FCR were not affected by increasing levels of L-leucine supplementation. Weight gain was significantly reduced (p<0.05), whereas feed intake and FCR were not significantly affected with decreasing dietary crude protein. A positive response in breast meat yield was achieved by the addition of L-leucine to levels up to 0.5% in the diet but a significant decrease was noted when the level reached 0.67% in diet. Supplementation of L-leucine significantly (p<0.05) decreased the relative weights of the liver and gizzard. However, the addition of L-leucine significantly reduced carcass weights when L-leucine was added at 0.67%. Lowering the dietary protein level also significantly reduced breast yield and carcass weight (p<0.05). However, abdominal fat, gizzard, liver and heart were not affected by protein level. Conclusion/Recommendations: It can be concluded that supplementation of L-leucine at levels up to 0.67% of the diet did not affect performance but deleteratious the carcass weight.

Characterization of Bovine Calpastatin Gene in Nelore Cattle Using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphisms

Problem statement: In beef cattle production, of meat quality and carcass traits are important. Traditionally beef cattle breeding programs unfortunately are time consuming and also recording of carcass and growth traits need heavy cost, Approach: Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) should be utilized in beef herds, along with economically important phenotypic traits, for genetic progress to made with respect to improving the uniformity and consistency of beef. Blood samples were collected from 41 nelor cattle in Malaysia. Forward and reversed primers amplified a 1552 bp fragment from calpastatin gene. XmnI enzyme was used for restriction analysis of PCR products. Result: Overall, the frequency of alleles A and B in the studied breeds were estimated as 0.42 and 0.58, respectively. In this study we calculated genotype frequency AA, AB and BB 12.2, 58.53 and 29.27% respectively and also observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and average value of heterozygosity were 0.58, 0.49 and 0.48 respectively. Highest frequency of allele was B (0.58) and lowest was A (0.42) This Nelor cattle population was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusion: Perhaps, this molecular genetic information helps breeders for designing the proper genetic selection program in the development direction of this breed.

Improving Performance of Replacement Heifers in Hot Arid Environment Under Intensive Management

Problem statement: Imported Holstein Friesian dairy cattle are exposed to hot arid climate in feedlot management in Kuwait. Desert climate is extreme reaching high 45-50�C in summer and low -4�C in winter at day and night respectively. High calf mortality, poor reproduction and milk yields were main constraints to viable dairying. The objectives of this study were to assess the magnitude of calf mortality, its causes; implement strategic intervention measures for improving calf survival rates and evaluate dairy herd performance. Approach: Two scenarios were used: (1) studying dairy herd performance without applying intervention measures and (2) introducing improved management with interventions. Performance of the herds of situations 1 and 2 were compared. Three classes of dairy herds, pre-weaned calves, heifers and first lactation cows born in Kuwait were used. Results: Implementing intervention measures resulted in significant (p = 0.001) reduction of crude calf mortality rates from a mean of 43.6% to a low 4.67%. Growth rates of calves and heifers increased significantly, resulting in breeding of locally raised heifers at 15 mo age instead of usual practice of breeding at 18-22 mo. Feed cost was significantly reduced by 14-25% by early breeding of heifers. Herd culling rate was reduced from 62-33% and conception rates increased by 41%. The milk yield was increased by 1.25-1.50 fold through replacing the imported cows by locally born heifers. Adult cattle mortality rates reduced from high 9 to a low 1%. Case study showed that locally born and reared dairy herd formed a mean of 65.8% of total dairy cattle in cooperating farms. Conclusion: A systematic applied research studies in the commercial dairy farms had resulted in a visible improvement in the performance of all categories of locally born dairy herds and they were better adapted to the local hostile climate.

Radiographic Evaluations of the Tetra-Calcium Phosphate and Diacalcium Phosphate with Bone Plate in Osseo-Integration of Bone Repair in Rabbit

Problem statement: To determine the effect of the Tetra calcium phosphate and Diacalcium phosphate cement in comparison with bone plate in fracture repair in rabbit. Experimental in vivo study. A total of 18 adult male White New Zealand rabbits, weighing 3.0�0.250 Kg and about 6 months old were used. They were fasted 4 h before start of experiment and were off-water even 2 h too. They were divided into 2 groups of bone plate (I) and cement (II) of 9 rabbits each which subsequently divided into 3 subgroups of 1(I a and II a) month and 2 (Ib and IIb)and 3 (Ic and IIc) months duration in each group. Approach: Under general anesthesia and aseptic condition the craniolateral surface of right radial was exposed and a piece of full thickness from mid-section of radial bone in length of 1cm was removed using electrical bone vibrator in the all rabbit. The both ends of this bone was stabilized using mini bone plate of 4 holes in the group I, whereas prehardened cylinders of cement were implanted into rabbit radial defects in the group II rabbits. Radiographs were taken on zero days after creation of gap and on 1, 2 and 3 months from each rabbit using parameters such as local changes, stabilization of implant and bone, bone formation and implant biodegradation. Results: Comparison of clinical signs in the I and II indicated that they had similar physical activity and same degree of lameness during observation period of 90 days Radiographyically keeping in view the parameters were used to evaluate the major changes revealed no sign of infection on the edges of each defect and both groups permitted stabilization of the defected bones and maintenance of correct position. The new bone formation and the implant biodegradation in the bone defects could be clearly reflected by the gradually weakened umbral on the radiographs during the whole process one repair in group I was not as perfect as those in cement or group II samples. Conclusion/Recommendations: Application of paste of tetra calcium phosphate and diacalcium phosphate indicated to have positive effect in integral formation of qualitative callus at the site of fracture and early re-organization of callus too.

Evaluation of the Activity of Plant Extracts in Boer Goats

Problem statement: The effect of extracts from Neem (Azadirachta indica), Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with added copper sulfate, on female Boer goats infected with gastrointestinal parasites (GIN) was evaluated. Approach: Following initial screening for infection, animals were artificially infected with a mix containing approximately 80% Haemonchus contortus and 20% Trichostrongylus spp. After 21 days, fecal samples were collected to determine the fecal egg count. Plant extracts (200 mg kg^-1 body weight) in sterile distilled water were administered on day 28. Treatment I was a control without anthelmintic (distilled water); treatment II received Neem leaf extracts; treatment III received an extract prepared from Wormwood leaves, flowers and roots; treatment IV received Tobacco leaf extracts with copper sulphate. Body Weight (BW), Fecal Egg Count (FEC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total White Blood Cell Counts (TWBCC) and White Blood Cell Differential Counts (WBCDC) were determined in goats once a week, for a 4-week period. Results: There was no difference in FEC among the groups. The results showed that the plant extracts at the tested concentration were not effective anthelmintics; The PCV of the control group was significantly higher than all treatment groups (p≤0.05). Groups treated with Wormwood and Tobacco copper sulphate had dramatic decreases in PCV which may be an indicator of toxicity from these treatments. Significant differences in BW were observed between the control group and that of the Tobacco-copper sulphate group (p≤0.05). Low concentrations of Tobacco-copper sulphate treatment enhanced body weight. The extracts tested were not effective in reducing the levels of TWBCC. Circulating eosinophil counts, TWBCC and FEC, were negatively correlated with PCV in goats in this study. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts containing water soluble proteins from Neem, wormwood and tobacco are not effective anthelmintics in goats. Further investigation on efficacy and toxicity of copper supplementation on animal health and performance in goats for use by producers is recommended. Genetic variability among goats may influence the response to plant extracts. These studies support the observation that the efficacy of plant based anthelmintics is influenced by the method of extraction and host genetics in goats.

Effects of Stripping Frequency on Semen Quality of Endangered Caspian Brown Trout, Salmo trutta caspius

Problem statement: Because of dramatic declines in stocks of endangered Caspian brown trout males, Salmo trutta caspius in Caspian Sea, each male brooder is stripped indispensably more than once during the spawning season in other to artificial insemination in hatchery. The aim of the present study was to assay the changes of indicators of semen quality (sperm motility, sperm production, semen volume and chemical composition of seminal fluid) during these sequential strippings. Approach: The 11 tagged males were stripped four times every 12-14 days with beginning of spermiation period (2 December 2008) towards its end (10 January 2008). One-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze differences between means of semen parameters. Also, the relationships between semen parameters were tested using the bivariate correlation coefficients of Pearson. Results: The semen volume, sperm density, osmolality and the concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^-, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and total protein gradually decreased whereas the values of glucose and triglyceride had no significant changes during sequential strippings. Also, the values of semen pH, the percentage (5s post-activation) and duration of motility were statistically stable until third stripping but a decrease was recorded for these parameters in the fourth stripping. As well as, significant positive correlations were found for sperm density vs. K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, total protein, spermatocrit; the percentage of motile spermatozoa Vs Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, total protein and also the duration of motility Vs K⁺, Cl^-, total protein and pH. Conclusion: The semen quality of Caspian brown trout males decrease in successive strippings during spawning season. Also, the knowledge on values and correlations between the sperm motility characteristics and the composition of seminal fluid could be useful to formulation of a species-specific extender solution for cryopreservation of semen of Caspian brown trout.

Efficacy of Some Commercial Chemical Disinfectants on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Problem statement: Poultry industry is intensive and consistently applies an all-in, all-out system with the aim of minimizing infection pressure and targeting specific pathogens like Salmonella which remains one of the leading causes of food-borne illness, many questions regarding the introduction and persistence in animal production still remain. Therefore disinfection during production break is a routine part of the biosecurity programs of poultry houses. The correct usage of disinfectants is an important key of a successful biosecurity program in poultry farms and in-turn the role of the scientist was to evaluate the efficacy of these disinfection programs. Approach: In this study five commercial disinfectants [Green work (green non anionic surfactant), Sanidate RTU (hydrogen peroxide compound), Hi-yeild^�consan 20^� (phenolic compound), Tektrol_� (quaternary ammonium compound) and Kreso_�D (phenolic compound)] were evaluated against Salmonella typhimurium in two different experimental conditions. In Experiment I, S. typhimurium was inoculated into fresh poultry litter (aluminum trays L: 30 cm x W: 25 cm x D: 6 cm filled with wood shavings) by inoculums size of ~107 CFU mL^-1 and then mixed with 100 g of fresh poultry droppings. Sample sizes of 3 g were obtained daily for the bacterial counts. Green work achieved100% killing of S. typhimurium by day 7 (p≤0.0001); Sanidate RTU achieved100% killing by day 6 (p≤0.001); Hi-yield^� Consan^�, Tektrol_� and Kreso_� D achieved100% killing by day 5 (p≤0.001). Disinfectants were also compared to each other in their efficacy each day. At day 1, Green work was inferior to all other disinfectants at (p≤0.05). On day 2, Kreso_� D was significantly superior to Tektrol_�, Hi-yield^� Consan^�, Sanidate RTU and Green work at p≤0.01, p≤0.01, p≤0.01, p≤0.005; respectively. At day 4 Kreso_� D was significantly superior to Hi-yield^� Consan^� at p≤0.01, Tektrol_� was also significantly superior to Green work at p≤0.01. In experiment II; MIC use-dilution test was used to evaluate the five disinfectants against S. typhimurium (~107CFU mL^-1) in the absence of organic matter. Results: Hourly samples were collected for the bacterial counts. Maximum efficacy (100% killing efficacy against S. typhimurium) was achieved for Green Work after 16 h (p≤0.0001), with Sanidate RTU after 8 h (p≤0.0001), with Hi-yield^� Consan^� and Kreso_� D after 2 h at (p≤0.0001) and with Tektrol_� after 4 h (p≤0.0001). In presence of organic matter Green work and Sanidate RTUachieved 100% killing efficacy against S. typhimurium after 16 h (p≤0.0001), Hi-yield^� Consan^� and Kreso_� D after 2 h at (p≤0.0001); Tektrol_� after 8 h (p≤0.0001). When disinfectants were compared to each other in relation to time; we found that there was no kind of significance between their efficacies. When compared to other tested disinfectants, Kreso_� D which is a phenolic compound revealed superior activity against Salmonella typhimurium in the two experiments. Conclusion: The study showed that many disinfectants regardless to their constituents continues to give a very powerful efficacy against the most virulent bacterial strains, but the question remain can they be used in the presence of live birds. Further studies are required to explore the safety and the efficacy of these compounds when applied in poultry farms in the presence of live birds.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of the Gohilwari Breed of Indian Goat (Capra hircus) Using Microsatellite Markers

Problem statement: Gohilwari breed of goat is a multipurpose goat mainly for milk and meat purposes and best suited in its harsh climatic condition. This breed is inadequately characterized till now at DNA level. So the present study was undertaken for population genetic analysis at molecular level to exploit the breed for planning sustainable improvement, conservation and utilization, which subsequently can improve the livelihood of its stake holders. Approach: The experiment was conducted on 50 genomic DNA samples of unrelated goat using 25 microsatellite markers selected from the list suggested by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) and FAO�s (DAD-IS). Results: All of the 25 microsatellites were well amplified. The observed number of alleles detected per locus ranged from 4-24 with an overall mean of 10.12�5.46. Overall mean observed heterozygosity of 0.505 was lower than the overall mean expected heterozygosity of 0.684. Most of the loci showed the heterozygote deficit as also depicted by F_is value. There was substantial genetic variation and polymorphism across studied loci in the Gohilwari breed of goat. And this population was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at most of the studied loci. This population was also receiving new genetic materials throuFgh introduction of immigrants. Conclusion: The strong inference that the Gohilwari breed of goat has not undergone bottleneck is also important for goat breeders and conservationists, as it suggests that any unique alleles present in this breed may not have been lost. Therefore, it can be recommended that within-breed diversity is actively maintained to enable these extensively unmanaged stocks to adapt to future demands and conditions and there is ample scope for further improvement in its productivity through appropriate breeding strategies. Though, microsatellites are neutral to selection with Ewens-Watterson test for neutrality some microsatellites were found not neutral or linked to some selective trait that must be further investigated for association to selective traits.

Stressors Influence on Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Colonization in Broilers

Problem statement: Poultry industry usually exposing birds to a variety of actions and stressors includs fasting for gastrointestinal emptying before transportation and where birds are often exposed to high environmental temperature during the summer months. These environmental stressors may have influences on bird performance and susceptibility to pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis by altering the intestinal micrbiota and changes in the gut integrity. Approach: This research was conducted to show that acute stressors in the poultry production can induce changes in the normal intestinal microbiota and epithelium structure and execratory functions, which may cause an increase in the opportunities of attachment of Salmonella enteritidis. Results: Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 24 h feed withdrawal with 24 h exposure to high temperature (30�C) on intestinal characteristics of broilers. Attachment of Salmonella enteritidis to ileal tissue was determined using an in vitro ileal loop assay. Changes in commensally intestinal microbial populations were determined using gel electrophoresis and alterations in ileal morphology were determined histologically. The results showed that attachment of Salmonella enteritidis to ileal tissues increased by 1.5 logs (9.05 log₁₀ Vs 7.59 log₁₀ Salmonella enteritidis/g of ileal tissue; p = 0.0006) in broilers fasted for 24 h also, ileal tissues from birds subjected to 30�C for 24 h had increased the attachment of Salmonella enteritidis (8.77 log₁₀ Vs 8.50 log₁₀ Salmonella enteritidis/g of ileum; p = 0.01) compared with birds held at 23�C. Exposure to 30�C for 24 h also altered the microbial structure in the ileum and cecum. Where subjecting birds to 30�C for 24 h reduced the crypt depth (6.0 Vs 7.8 �m, respectively; p = 0.002), but it had no effect on villus height or villus: Crypt ratio. Conclusion: The findings of the experiment explained the mechanisms by which stressors alters the normal intestinal characterization and induces susceptibility to enteric infection. Future work should focus on the use of prophylactic measures to reduce the stress conditions causing alteration of the intestinal microbiota and changes in gut integrity like considering the probiotic organisms the offer a promising solution for reducing pathogen colonization when fed orally.

Plasma Catecholamines, Sweat Electrolytes and Physiological Responses of Exercised Normal, Partial Anhidrotic and Anhidrotic Horses

Secretary IgA Concentrations and plasma Cell Count Changes Associated with the Estrous Cycle in Ewes

Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine on Dairy Performance and Amino Acid Metabolism in Lactating Cows
Problem statement: Free Met as one of the most limiting AA in dairy cows would be mostly degraded in the rumen. This study was to determine the effect of different levels of Rumen-Protected Met (RPMet) on dairy performance and serum amino acid metabolism. Approach: Thirty-six Holstein cows in similar condition were randomly assigned to six experimental treatments with six replicates each. Levels of RPMet in six treatments were 0(control), 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 g day^-1 per cow, respectively. Results: Treatment had no effect on percentage of milk protein, lactose and SNF. However, milk yield of cows fed 42 g day^-1 RPMet was significantly higher than that of the control group and milk fat percentage was significantly increased with 56 g day^-1 RPMet supplementation. There was the trend to decrease the concentration of serum amino acids except Met and Arg with the supplementation of RPMet. Serum EAA contents of the group supplementation of 42 g day^{-1^{RPMet were lowest although there were no significant differences among all treatments. Serum BCAA concentrations of cows fed 28 g RPMet were significantly lower than that of the control group. Supplementation of 42 g RPMet could significantly decrease the concentration of NEAA and TAA compared to the control group. Conclusion/Recommendations: Supplementation of rumen-protected methionine improved dairy performance and promoted amino acid utilization in lactating cows in the present experiment. The optimal level of RPMet in the diet was 42 g per cow day^-1.}}

Age and Growth of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in Six Rivers of the Southern Part of Caspian Basin
Problem statement: Because of dramatic declines in stocks of brown trout in southern part of Caspian basin, the population's structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in several rivers were studied to provide data for conservation programs. Approach: The structure of the populations in the six rivers of the southern part of Caspian basin including: Keliyare, Khojirood, Lar, Shirinrood, Rig cheshme and Pajimiyane, were studied. Results: Five age classes, ranged from 0⁺-4⁺ years, were determined. The most frequent age classes belong to 1⁺ and 2⁺. The length ranged from 78-305 mm and weight ranged from 3.6-390 g. Also, the condition factor ranged from 0.58-1.47. The highest and lowest length, weight and condition factor were observed in Lar and Rig cheshme, respectively. In 5 out of 6 rivers, females were dominant over males. The highest and lowest female: Male ratios were observed in Pajimiane (6.75:1) and Khojirood (0.8:1), respectively. Significant relationships were found between total length of brown trout with depth (r = 0.6, p<0.0001) and width (r = 0.68, p<0.0001) of habitats in these studied areas. Conclusion: According to our knowledge, this is the first report of brown trout from Kelyare and Khojirood rivers. Since size of populations in studied areas are small and majority of these rivers located in low protected locations, it is essential to apply serious measures to protect these vulnerable habitats.

Application of Meal Feeding and Skip-A-Day Feeding With or Without Probiotics for Broiler Chickens Grown at High-Altitude to Prevent Ascites Mortality
Problem statement: Ascites is a common rapid-growth-related problem in broiler chickens grown at high altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen is low and is marginally adequate to support the growth performance and ascites-related variables. A mismatch between the growth of oxygen supplying organs and the oxygen demanding organs causes ascites in broiler chickens. In the present study, broilers were subjected to two types of feed restriction with or without probiotics and changes in the growth rate of body organs were attributed to the incidence of ascites. Approach: Four hundred male day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to five treatments: (1) a control group fed ad libitum throughout the experiment (2) a group subjected to meal feeding during 5-11 days of age with feeding times from 08-12 h and 13-17 h, (3) a group similar to treatment 2 except to received probiotics, (4) a skip-a-day feeding with 24 h fasting on days 9 and 11 and (5) a group similar to treatment 4 except to received probiotics. Probiotics was only used during the feed restriction at 1 g L^-1 in the drinking water. Broilers reared on litter flooring from 1-49 days of age. Results: Both feed restriction programs used under conditions of the experiment resulted in poorer performance relative to the full-fed control but retarded growth caught up at the end of experiment. Carcass and breast yield were significantly (p‎<0.05) reduced right after feed restriction but not later on. Heart and liver percentages showed a reverse growth pattern after termination of feed restriction. Feed restriction had no consistent effect on abdominal fat deposition. Broilers subjected to the feed restriction had significantly (p<0.05) lower proportion of right ventricle to total ventricles. Probiotics had no beneficial impact on the compensatory growth though they tended to reduce the mortality from ascites. Conclusion: Early feed restriction did not influence the proportional growth of body organs and had no significant impact on ascites incidence. Probiotics had a positive effect in prevention of ascites.

Change in Growth Performance and Liver Function Enzymes of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to Dietary Supplementation of Methionine and Threonine
Problem statement: The aim of this study was to verify the effects of methionine and threonine supplementations higher than the NRC recommendation on growth performance, liver function enzymes, blood parameters and immune tissues of broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease. Approach: A total of 450 day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to nine groups. Chickens were fed by three graded levels of DL-methionine [NRC (M1), 2 times NRC (M2) and 3 times NRC (M3)] and three graded levels of L-threonine [NRC (T1), 2 times NRC (T2) and 3 times NRC (T3)] from day 1-42 of age. On day 28, all birds were challenged with a commercial live-IBDV vaccine. Results: Body Weight Gain (BWG) and Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments in starter phase and either methionine or threonine at the highest levels significantly decreased BWG, FI and FCR in broiler chickens. A similar trend by methionine and threonine at the highest levels was noted on BWG and FI in grower phase. The highest level of threonine significantly increased spleen weight on day 28 (pre-challenge) and 14 days post challenge. At 14 days after challenge, dietary supplementation of methionine at NRC recommended level (M1) significantly increased the serum concentrations of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). In the T3 group, the serum concentrations of AST and LDH were significantly decreased, whereas the serum uric acid concentration was significantly increased. Conclusion/Recommendations: In conclusion, our data suggest that the methionine and threonine requirement of male broiler chicks is higher for growth performance than was suggested by the last NRC committee and liver function enzymes results showed that methionine and threonine supplementation three times higher than NRC requirements in broiler chickens has not toxic potential.

Effect of Dietary Protein and Lysine on Performance and Carcass Yield of Turkeys
Problem statement: There is a concern related to loss of nitrogen to the environment from animal manure and the high cost of the protein supplement. Thus, the current study was undertaken to determine the effect of reduction of CP and increased of lysine on growth and carcass yield in turkeys. Approach: A factorial experiment was carried out with commercial turkeys to evaluate the effect of two dietary levels of CP (90 and 100% of the NRC recommendations) and three dietary lysine levels (90, 110 and 130% of the NRC recommendations) on performance and carcass yield of male turkeys evaluated from 8-16 week of age. Results: The CP � lysine interaction was significant (p<0.05) for daily gain and Food Conversion Ratio (FCR). 100% CP level increased daily gain (0.13, 0.15 and 0.15 kg day^-1) and improved FCR (3.43, 3.12 and 3.01) as dietary levels of lysine in the diet increased (p<0.05), but the opposite was true for the birds fed 90% CP. The CP � lysine interaction (p<0.05) observed at 16 week of age showed that carcass weigh, breast weight, leg weight and thigh weight increased as the lysine level increased in the diet with 100% CP and the contrary occurred in the 90% CP treatment. Conclusion: The results of this experiment suggest a positive relationship between amino acids and CP; however, the increment of amino acids in the diets with low CP should be made keeping a proportional relationship among the dietary amino acids.

Ultrasonography and Radiography Evaluation of the Cartilage Graft in Repair of Experimentally Induced Radial Bone Defect in Rabbit
We would like to thank to the Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences research council. Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Punak Tehran for approval and financial support to finish this project. Problems statement: The purpose of this research was to determine the biological effect of cartilage graft as a bone defect filler and osteogenetic stimulation to speed up bone healing too. Approach: Sixteen adult male New Zealand white rabbits having body weight ranged from 3.0-3.5 Kg. Under general anesthesia, a segmental full thickness bone defect of 10 mm in length was created in the middle of the right radial shaft in all rabbits. They were divided into two groups of 6 rabbits each. Group I was considered as control and the fractured site was fixed using finger bone plate with 4 screws, whereas the ear cartilage of 1�1 cm graft was used to fill the gap after fracture fixation in Group II. Rabbits in two groups were subdivided into 2 subgroups of 1 and 2 months duration with 4 rabbits in each. Radiography and two dimensional and color Doppler sonography were done before and after creating defects and on 15, 30 and 60 days to evaluate local reaction as far as new blood vessels network and callus formation are concerned. Results: On the radiographs during the whole process, bone repair in Group I was not as perfect as those in Group II samples and trace of internal callus filled the gap incompletely in 60 days in Group I, whereas in Group II internal callus almost was formed on 30 days and in addition intercortical callus was seen supporting to cover and filled the gap completely in this group. Sonographic findings confirmed the protrusion of newly formed blood vascular network in 30 days in Group I and from 15 days in Group II and remarkably increased till end of observation period. Conclusion: Cartilage graft is suitable alternative bone filler and radiography and sonography are reliable techniques to trace local reaction at proper time.

Efficacy and Characteristics of different Methods of Coccidiosis Infection in Broiler Chickens
Problem statement: Different methods of experimental infection of broiler chickens with Eimeria species have been described in the literature. These methods had not been compared and contrasted so as to contribute to the selection of the most appropriate model of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Identifying such a model was important to speed up the screening of potential coccidiostatics. Approach: In five different experiments with broiler chickens, we used different methods of infection with Eimeria species. In this paper the different methods and the results have been evaluated. Results: Administration through gavage into the crop of relatively low doses of either Eimeria tenella alone, or in combination with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima, did not influence body-weight gain and feed intake, but did induce intestinal lesions and faecal shedding of oocysts. The administration of an identically high number of sporulated oocysts in the form of a mixture of the three Eimeria species, either through a single dose by gavage or through the litter, produced similar lowering effects on body-weight gain or feed intake, similar degrees of severity of intestinal lesions and similar rates of faecal oocyst shedding. Conclusion: Depending on the variables considered of interest, the present data may indicate the most appropriate model. The model using infection with oocysts through the litter may optimally mimic the field situation in combination with controlled conditions and allowing experimental flexibility and a high number of experimental units within the research facility.

Production and Nutritional Quality of low elevation zone Grasslands and Kermes Oak Shrublands (Quercus coccifera L.) in the South-East Mediterranean Basin
Problem statement: The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and nutrition quality of grasslands and kermes oak shrublands in Preveza Prefecture, northwest Greece. Approach: The study involved the collection of herbage and browse samples along a grazing period, from March to October for two consecutive years. In consequence, browse samples were manually separated to leaves and twigs. The three forage components (herbage, kermes oak leaves and twigs) were analyzed for crude protein, Neutral-Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid-Detergent Fiber (ADF), lignin and In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD). After the 2 years of observation, we concluded that kermes oak browse, especially the leaves, had CP content adequate to fulfill the nutrient requirements of grazing goats throughout the grazing period. Results: However, this browse is characterized by a very low IVDMD during summer, which may be the result of high lignin content and the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as phenols and tannins. The month of harvest strongly affected the production and nutritive value of forage components, firstly by giving a significant positive correlation among average monthly temperature, production, cell wall contents and secondly, a negative correlation among average monthly rainfall, IVDMD and lignin content. Conclusion: In closure, kermes oak shrublands of the lower zone constitute an important alimentary source providing adequate amounts of browse in order to maintain the nutrient requirements for grazing goats during the summer, when the herbage is not desirable for consumption from sheep and cattle.

Effects of Dietary Herbal Antioxidants Supplemented on Feedlot Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Male Goats
Problem statement: In goats production, chevon, meat quality and shelf life are very important, dietary herbs and synthetic antioxidants as dietary supplementation, may be can improve growth performance and carcass characteristics of goats. Approach: Thirty-two male (mean live weight 13.0 kg and 8 months old) were assigned to four dietary treatments, namely, basal diet (control, CN) and basal diet supplemented with Vitamin E (VE), Turmeric powder (TU) or Andrographis paniculata Powder (AP). The diets were fed as total mixed rations ad libitum for a period of 14 weeks. The goats were weighed every month, while feed intake was measured on a weekly basis. Thereafter, the goats were subjected to the Halal slaughter and the carcasses dissected. Result: The daily weight gain was not different (p>0.05) between treatments, but the feed intake was lower (p<0.05) for the AP treatment than for the TU treatment, while the gain: DM intake was lower (p<0.05) for the CN treatment than for the AP treatment. The percentage of total meat in the carcass and the longissimus muscle cut were higher (p<0.05) for the AP treatment than for the CN treatment. Conclusion: It was concluded that dietary antioxidants from natural herbs such as Andrographis paniculata have the potential to improve feed efficiency, increased lean meat and reduced body internal fat in the carcass of goats. Addition of TU increased Average Daily Gain (ADG) and feed intake.

Impact of Dietary Fat Type and Amount on Growth Performance and Serum Cholesterol in Rabbits
Problem statement: Literature data on the effect of dietary fat on growth performance in rabbits are inconclusive. For commercial rabbit production it is relevant to know to what extent dietary fat level and type can be manipulated. In the present study serum cholesterol was also analyzed because its relation to the amount and type of dietary fat was not known for rabbits. Approach: Young growing rabbits were fed diets containing one of four different levels (5.2-41.8 energy %) of either coconut fat or corn oil. Fat was added to the diets at the expense of an isoenergetic amount of corn starch and dextrose in a 1:1 ratio. The diets were in pelleted form and supplied ad libitum. Results: Increasing fat intakes in the form of either coconut fat or corn oil enhanced weight gain and improved feed efficiency. The effect of coconut fat was maximal at 20.9 energy % (9.9%, w/w) and the greatest effect of corn oil was seen at an inclusion level of 41.8 energy % (20.2%, w/w). As would be expected, replacement of dietary corn oil by coconut fat significantly decreased serum cholesterol concentrations. The cholesterol-lowering effect of corn oil versus coconut fat increased markedly with higher dietary inclusion levels of fat. Conclusion: The addition of fat to the diet improved growth performance. It is suggested to find out whether the present observations can be applied in the formulation of diets for fryer rabbits. The new observation for rabbits is that the hypocholesterolemic response to corn oil increased with higher intake levels.

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Meat Products
Problem statement: The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes and to screen large number of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat samples. Approach: A total of 250 fresh RTE meat samples of different varieties (chicken, turkey, beef, pork and cold cuts) were purchased from local grocery stores. Results: From the 250 total samples, 50 samples were randomly selected and subjected to DNA extraction, and immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) followed by RT-PCR analysis using primers against L. monocytogenes specific gene (hlyA). Five RTE samples negative by culture and by RT-PCR were spiked with L. monocytogenes (ATCC-19111) and used as positive controls. While all positive samples were detected as positive, all 50 samples were negative with both methods i.e., IMS followed by hlyA gene-based RT-PCR assay and the standard culture methods. Following this, all the 250 samples were tested by standard culture method as well as the IMS+RT-PCR assay. Five samples (2.0%) were presumptively diagnosed as positive for Listeria on Oxford agar. All the five confirmed to be positive for L. monocytogenes by IMS+RT-PCR assay. Conclusion/Recommendations: The IMS + RT-PCR procedure was considerably more rapid and required only 28 h compared to 96-120 h for the conventional culture method. This method would be useful as the criteria for addressing the costly meat recalls and reducing outbreaks.

Potential, Implications and Solutions Regarding the Use of Rendered Animal Fats in Aquafeeds
Problem statement: In the past, aquafeeds were comprised largely of fish meal and fish oil derived from marine reduction fisheries. In addition to being highly palatable and readily digested by cultured fishes, these feedstuffs were historically inexpensive sources of protein, energy and essential nutrients. However, increasing cost and concerns over safety and sustainability have greatly incentivized the transition from fish meal and oil to alternative sources of protein and lipid for aquafeed formulation. Fish oil replacement is proving more difficult than originally anticipated, particularly for marine carnivorous species. Approach: If complete fish oil replacement is not a viable goal for fish nutritionists and aquafeed manufacturers, at a minimum, we must strive for judicious use of limited marine-derived resources. In the present review, we explore the opportunities of using rendered fats as alternatives to marine-derived fish oils in aquaculture feeds, beginning with a discussion of the products themselves before reviewing the most recent literature and concluding with a discussion of the future of these products in aquafeed formulations. Results: Rendered fats have not been as intensively evaluated in aquaculture nutrition as grain and oilseed-derived lipids, although a number of recent publications on the subject suggest increasing interest in the use of rendered products in aquafeeds. Conclusion: Poultry fat, beef tallow, pork lard and to a lesser extent, yellow/restaurant grease and catfish oil, have been investigated individually or in combination with other lipids in feeds for a broad range of cultured taxa with generally acceptable results.

The Porcine Mitochondrial Transcription Factor a Gene: Molecular Characterization, Radiation Hybrid Mapping and Genetic Diversity among 12 Pig Breeds
Problem statement: Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a nucleus-encoded protein that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a major participant in mitochondrial genome replication. Genomic characterization of the porcine TFAM gene is, therefore, necessary to determine its involvement in regulation of fat depots and meat quality traits in pigs. Approach: Genomic DNA sequence was determined using a comparative in silico annotation approach. RT-PCR was used for analysis of alternative splicing. Genome location was determined using Radiation Hybrid (RH) mapping. Genetic marker was identified by sequencing and genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method with SacI. GENEPOP version 3.3 software was used for statistic analysis. Results: We determined both full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of the porcine TFAM gene. Gene expression analysis revealed an alternative 5� splice site, which excludes exon 4 of the pig gene. We assigned this gene to porcine chromosome 14 (SSC14). A G/A substitution was detected in intron 1 of porcine TFAM gene and genotyped on a total of 252 animals, including 165 from seven Chinese and 87 from five Western pig breeds. The Bayesian analysis via MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) revealed that these two groups of pigs were well separated at this locus during the breed history; 95% of the posterior difference of TFAM allelic frequency between these two pig groups was greater than zero. Conclusion/Recommendations: All these data provided basic genomic information needed for further functional characterization of the porcine TFAM gene. Because marked differences in fat and lean tissue deposition exist between Western and Chinese pig breeds, the G557A mutation in the TFAM gene deserves further evaluation to determine its phenotypic effect on fattening and carcass traits in commercial pig populations.

Application of Statistical Procedures for Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Domestic Animal Populations
Problem statement: A wide range of studies for the assessment of genetic diversity in livestock breed were conducted using genetic distance. For high-accuracy and unbiased estimation sampling methods, criteria of choosing type of DNA markers, distance measurement strategies, cluster analysis will be important for any genetic diversity projects. Approach: Main objective of this short review is focusing on application statistical procedures and methods in analysis of genetic diversity data in animals. Results: There is no simple strategy to address for best and effectively genetic diversity results by the way regarding to some important factors can make reliable results for next analysis. Conclusion: There is still a distinct need for developing comprehensive and user-friendly statistical packages that facilitate an integrated analysis of different data sets for generating reliable information about genetic relationships, genome diversity, and favorable allele variation. Equally important and perhaps more challenging, is the concerted and planned utilization of genome information in animal breeding programs on the basis of knowledge accrued from studies on genetic diversity.